巾帼柔魂的革命唤醒——以晚清谭云波的“剑与头颅”母题画作为中心  

Women’s Consciousness-Raising to Join the Political Revolution:Centered on Tan Yunbo’s Illustrations Themed“Sword and Head”in the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：李宁利[1] Li Ningli

机构地区：[1]中山大学社会学与人类学学院,广州510275

出　　处：《中山大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期93-105,共13页Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：晚清画报以图画叙事,以记录新闻、开通群智、启蒙科学为宗旨,但《时事画报》却以宣扬政治、鼓吹革命而迥异其趣。《时事画报》的编绘者以画笔为“刀枪戈戟”为革命呐喊助威,也加入同盟会、组织暗杀团直接介入革命。其中《时事画报》主要画师谭云波的“剑与头颅”母题画作最引人瞩目。该题材融合明清时期的“百美图”与“剑侠图”程式,以巾帼英雄形象表达驱除鞑虏的革命动员,是辛亥革命时期唤醒女性参与革命、号召女性实施暗杀的生动呈现。值得注意的是,谭云波笔下的“手提头颅”和“簪花骷髅”,在辛亥革命前后存在显著的语义转向。在革命成功之前,以“头颅”符号征召勇士们奋勇杀敌,满怀对胜利的期许;辛亥鼎革以后,民国初年政局混乱,在政治权利分配中被边缘化的革命志士,以“泪墨哀毫”写画“骷髅”符号,缅怀革命先烈,感伤生命的虚无。这些以女性和死亡来托喻“国家兴亡”的画作,均出自男性知识分子之手,意味着他们把妇女中性化,希冀妇女成为像男子一样的国民,“剑与头颅”中的女侠亦复如是;一方面女子命运被视作国家兴亡的象征,另一方面她们也积极投身到现代民族国家的淬炼和缔造中。因此,可以说在与忠烈、侠义等精神传统深度相连的“异代同感”之中,“她们”和“他们”共同迈向了平等、现代国民身份的实现和认同。Current Affairs Pictorial时事画报focusing on promoting politics and revolution,was widely different from the pictorials which aimed at recording news,enlightening people for science in the Late Qing Dynasty.Its illustrators used their paintbrushes as“swords and spears”to shout revolutionary slogans,and Tan Yunbo谭云波was the primary artist among them.His pictures themed“Sword and Head”are the most eye-catching.These illustrations,integrating the popular motifs such as“Hundred Beauties”and“Swordsman”during the Ming and Qing dynasties,presented the images of female heroes in order to express the revolutionary mobilization,calling women to participate in the revolution and assassination during the Revolution of 1911.It is noteworthy that there was a significant semantic shift in Tan Yunbo’s depictions of“head”and“skull”before and after the 1911 Revolution.Prior to the success of revolution,“head”was a symbol to call upon the warriors to kill the enemy.However,in the chaotic years after the revolution when the revolutionaries were marginalized,“skull”symbolized the sad,sentimental emotion in commemorating the martyrs.These illustrations using women and death as metaphors were all created by male intellectuals,implying their desire to neutralize women as equal citizens.Therefore,going with the intergenerational sympathy deeply connected with the spiritual traditions such as loyalty and chivalry,women and men both moved towards the cognition and identification of the national identity that is equal and modern.

关 键 词：谭云波 “剑与头颅”母题画作 剑侠图 百美图 《时事画报》 

分 类 号：J212[艺术—美术] K252[历史地理—历史学]