最有利于未成年人原则的实践基础与制度理性  

The Practical Basis and Institutional Rationality of the Principle of Being Most Beneficial to Minors

作　　者：邓丽[1,2] DENG Li

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所,北京100720 [2]中国社会科学院大学法学院,北京100720

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第6期15-36,共22页Political Science and Law

基　　金：中国社会科学院妇女/性别研究中心资助课题“学校与家庭场域的妇女儿童权益:‘双减’政策带来的变化与挑战”(项目编号:fnzx065-2022);国家社会科学基金项目“新时代妇女权益保障立法的体系观与发展观研究”(项目编号:20BFX185)的研究成果。

摘　　要：《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》一致采用“最有利于(被监护人/未成年子女/被收养人/未成年人)”表达范式,由此整个未成年人法律体系得以确立贯通性的基本原则,即最有利于未成年人原则。该原则同时具有承继国内法治实践和转化国际公约义务两个向度。对解释文件和司法数据的梳理表明,当前该原则的适用主要呈点阵式分布,存在覆盖不足、标准不一、机械援引等问题。对照国际规范体系,厘清儿童最大利益原则的权利要义、制度约束、效力层级和程序保障有助于为我国最有利于未成年人原则的适用注入系统、辩证和自洽的制度理性,进而通过权利本位明晰化、权益认定规范化、个案研判独异化和保护机制协同化,将这一中国特色表达深化为中国特色实践。The expression pattern of"being most beneficial to(the guardian/minor children/adopted persons/minors)"is adopted uniformly in the Civil Code of China and Law on the Protection of Minors of China,thus the basic connective principle of the legal system on minors is established,namely the principle of being most beneficial to minors.This principle has two dimensions of inheriting the practice of domestic rule of law practice and transforming the obligation of international convention.The analysis of interpretive documents and judicial data shows that the application of this principle is mainly in a dot-matrix pattern,and there are some problems such as insufficient coverage,inconsistent standards,and mechanical citations.By reference to the system of international norms,clarifying the essence of the rights,the institutional constraints,the level of effectiveness and the procedural guaranty of the principle of the best interests of the child is conducive to adding systematic,dialectical and self-consistent institutional rationality to the application of the principle of being most beneficial to minors in China,thus developing such expression with Chinese characteristics into practice with Chinese characteristics through making right-centered nature clear,standardizing the determination of rights and interests,and coordinating protection mechanisms,conducting the analysis and judgement of an individual case in a case-by-case manner.

关 键 词：最有利于未成年人原则 儿童最大利益原则 权利要义 体系化适用 

分 类 号：DF393[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]