论妨碍探望的民事责任  

Civil Liability for Interfering with Visitation Rights

作　　者：刘征峰[1,2] LIU Zhengfeng

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院,湖北武汉430073 [2]中南财经政法大学法学院婚姻家庭继承法研究所,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第6期49-63,共15页Political Science and Law

基　　金：2023年度中南财经政法大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目青年教师创新研究专项(项目编号:2722023BY009);国家社会科学基金青年项目“体系视角下婚姻家庭关系法律适用问题研究”(项目编号:18CFX075)的研究成果。

摘　　要：探望被妨碍的救济问题应纳入债之关系进行处理。增加直接抚养方父母压力不能成为排斥适用债法规范的当然理由。根据双方是否存在探望权行使约定,可相应形成违约损害赔偿责任、法定义务不履行责任与侵权损害赔偿责任等形态。探望权约定作为纯粹身份关系协议具有一定的法律约束力,在不直接损害未成年子女利益的前提下,可根据《中华人民共和国民法典》第464条第2款,参照适用违约责任规范。即使欠缺双方具体约定,双方之间亦存在法定义务,直接抚养方父母不仅有协助间接抚养方父母行使探望权的义务,而且有保护间接抚养方父母相关财产利益的义务。在直接抚养方父母不履行义务时,可经由《中华人民共和国民法典》第468条链接债务不履行责任规范。探望权在对外层面具有绝对权性质,受侵权法保护。无论基于何种责任基础,均应采一般过错归责,无益费用均可纳入损害赔偿范围。The issue of remedies for impaired visitation rights should be addressed under the framework of obligations.The increased pressure on the parent with the physical custody cannot serve as a prima facie reason to preclude the application of the law of obligations.Depending on whether there is an agreement regarding the exercise of visitation rights,various forms of liability may arise,including liability for compensation for breach of contract,liability for failure to fulfill statutory obligations,and liability for compensation for tort.The agreement on visitation rights as an accord on pure personal relationships is legally binding to some extent,and under the precondition that there is no direct harm to the interests of a minor child,norms regarding breach of contract can be applied by analogy based on Article 464(2)of Civil Code of China.Even without a specific agreement between both parties,legal obligations exist between them.The parent with the physical custody is obliged not only to assist the other parent without physical custody in exercising visitation rights,but also to protect relevant property interests of the other parent without physical custody.When the parent with physical custody fails to fulfill such duties,norms on liability for failure to fulfill obligations can be provoked by linking to Article 468 of Civil Code of China.Visitation rights enjoy the nature of absolute right at the external level and are protected by tort law.Regardless of the basis for liability,general fault-based criteria should be adopted,and futile expenses should be included in th e scope of damages.

关 键 词：父母子女关系 探望权 未成年子女利益 协助义务 

分 类 号：DF551[政治法律—民商法学]