小麦-玉米轮作根茬燃烧热触杀防控土传病害的试验  

Experiment on the prevention and control of soil-borne diseases by thermal contact killing of root stubble combustion in wheat-maize rotation

作　　者：朱焕光 李刚[1,3,4] 刘超洁 高飞 刘新新[1,3,4] 潘晓慧 李鹏飞[1,3,4] 张晓婷 贺超[1,3,4] 刘亮 焦有宙[1,3,4,5] ZHU Huanguang;LI Gang;LIU CHaojie;GAO Fei;LIU Xinxin;PAN Xiaohui;LI Pengfei;ZHANG Xiaoting;HE Chao;LIU Liang;JIAO Youzhou(College of Mechanical&Electrical Engineering,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China;College of Plant Protection,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China;Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Zhengzhou 450002,China;Henan Low-carbon Agricultural Intelligent Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center,Zhengzhou 450002,China;Mechanical Engineering College,Henan University of Engineering,Zhengzhou 451191,China)

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学机电工程学院,郑州450002 [2]河南农业大学植物保护学院,郑州450002 [3]农业农村部农村可再生能源新材料与装备重点实验室,郑州450002 [4]河南省低碳农业智能装备工程技术研究中心,郑州450002 [5]河南工程学院机械工程学院,郑州451191

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2024年第8期90-97,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：河南省中原科技创新领军人才项目(234200510029);河南省重大科技专项(221100110100);河南省级科技研发计划联合基金项目(222103810027)。

摘　　要：针对秸秆和根茬直接还田导致作物土传病害重发和频发问题,采用自主设计的可控燃烧热触杀装备进行了试验研究,分析了不同运行工况下装备内的温度分布规律、热触杀后土壤中病原真菌与细菌的灭杀率及作物植株发病程度。结果表明:当进料速度为360~1800 kg/h时,装备可实现热触杀温度(117~167℃)和送风温度(62~172℃)的有效调控,炉膛内沿程烟气温度分布呈先增大后减小趋势,稳定燃烧时炉膛最高温度可达479℃,可保证燃烧效率持续处于较高水平。土壤中细菌比真菌的耐温性更强,117℃下细菌和真菌的灭杀率分别为53.33%和33.33%,132℃以上时两者的灭杀率均达到86%以上,167℃下可实现深度灭杀。与对照组相比,秸秆与根茬燃烧高温热触杀后田间玉米植株根部病情指数降低了34.1,该研究对实现作物连作土传病害的绿色防控具有重要意义。Soil-borne diseases of crops are becoming more and more serious due to the direct return of crop straw and root stubble and the application of many pesticides.In this study,the field experiment was carried out using the self-developed controlled combustion thermal contact killing device.The harmless disposal of stubble/straw was realized for the effective prevention and control of soil-borne diseases.The temperature distribution of flue gas was obtained in the smoke channel and along the grate direction.The temperature increasing level of the preheated air was also determined after passing along the heat exchanger under four conditions.The killing rate of pathogenic fungi and bacteria in soil was evaluated after thermotactic killing.The incidence rate,disease grade and disease index of maize plants were counted to separate and purify the stem base and root of maize plants,and then the morphology was identified preliminarily.Furthermore,the composition and number of microbial communities were determined by molecular biological identification,in order to evaluate and monitor the incidence of soil-borne diseases.Laboratory test results showed that the thermal contact temperature(117-167℃)and the air supply temperature(62-172℃)were regulated effectively,when the feed speed was 360,720,1080 and 1800 kg/h.The temperature distribution of flue gas in the smoke channel increased first and then decreased,and the maximum temperature of the furnace reached 479℃during stable combustion,which was beneficial to the combustion efficiency at a high level.The isolation of fungi and bacteria in the thermal contact showed that the bacteria were more resistant to temperature than fungi.The killing rates of bacteria and fungi at 117℃were 53.33%and 33.33%,respectively.Both killing rates reached more than 86%at 132℃.There was the relatively consistence at 153℃and 167℃,where the killing rate reached 100%,indicating the deep killing.According to the killing rate of colonies combined with the soil organic matter and equipment

关 键 词：作物 根茬 高温烟气 热触杀 土传病害 病情指数 

分 类 号：S216[农业科学—农业机械化工程]