注重旱区湿地生态保护与修复的疏漫灌溉研究  

Study on dredged and overflowing irrigation focusing on ecological conservation and restoration of wetlands in drylands

作　　者：白涛[1] 万家全 邓铭江 徐燕 吾拉力汗·吾拉孜 BAI Tao;WAN Jiaquan;DENG mingjiang;XU Yan;Uralikhan Uraz(Northwest China Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Ecology,Xi'an University of Technology,Xi’an 710048,China;Xinjiang Water Resources and Ecological Water Conservancy Engineering Research Center,Urumqi 830000,China;Water Conservancy Bureau of Habahe County,Altay Prefecture,Altay 836700,China)

机构地区：[1]西安理工大学教育部西北水资源与环境生态重点实验室,陕西西安710048 [2]新疆寒旱区水资源与生态水利工程研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐830000 [3]阿勒泰地区哈巴河县水利局,新疆阿勒泰836700

出　　处：《水利学报》2024年第5期549-563,共15页Journal of Hydraulic Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3202300);国家自然科学基金项目(52179025,51879213);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2019JLM-52,2021JLM-44)。

摘　　要：针对干旱地区传统生态调度“只调不灌”造成的湿地生态补水效果欠佳、生境日益退化等实际问题,本文提出了疏漫灌溉的基本理念,明确了疏漫灌溉的定义、内涵及系统组成,搭建了疏漫灌溉系统,构建了疏漫灌溉技术体系。本文以哈巴河流域阿克齐湿地为研究区域,基于疏漫灌溉的系统组成优化了阿克齐湿地原有的工程体系;基于工程布局等要素划分了不同水平年下的三层级生态修复分区;采用Penman-Monteith公式计算了疏漫灌溉区不同地类的适宜生态需水量,采用改进的Tennant法确定了湿地的最低生态流量,最后制定了疏漫灌溉制度。研究结果表明:(1)湿地需水月份集中在4—10月份,其中6—8月份为主要生态需水期,平均生态基流为4.66 m^(3) s;(2)疏漫灌溉工程的布设和生态修复分区的确定改善了湿地供水条件,形成了生态分区与工程体系一一对应的靶向补水模式;(3)疏漫灌溉制度的制订可为生态工程的规划设计以及灌区引水的管理提供科学依据;(4)实施生态调度后,草地、自由水面以及沼泽面积均呈递增趋势,沙化面积减少了9.83%,湿地的水系连通性得到改善,斑块破碎化逐渐修复。研究成果可为提高旱区水资源利用效率、旱区生境的保护与修复提供技术支撑。Reservoir operation in arid areas emphasizes water demand and neglects irrigation methods,resulting in wetland ecology not being improved.This paper puts forward the basic concept of Dredged and overflowing irrigation,clarifies its definition,connotation and system composition,and builds an irrigation system and a technical system.The study area of this paper is the AKQ wetland in the Haba River Basin.We optimized the original engineering system based on the systematic composition of thinning and Dredged and overflowing irrigation;divided three levels of ecological restoration zones under different level years based on the engineering layout and other elements;calculated the appropriate ecological water demand of different land types using the Penman-Monteith formula;determined the minimum ecological flow rate by using the improved Tennant method,and finally formulated the thinning and Dredged and overflowing irrigation system.The results show that:(1)the wetland water demand months are from April to October,of which June to August is the main water demand period,and the average ecological base flow is 4.66 m^(3) s;(2)the layout of the project and the determination of ecological restoration zoning improved the wetland water supply conditions,and all the zoning is within the scope of recharge in the project system;(3)The development of the irrigation system can provide a scientific basis for the planning and design of the ecological project and the management of irrigation diversion;(4)After the implementation of ecological scheduling,the area of grassland,free water surface and swamp showed an increasing trend,and the area of sandy area was reduced by 9.83%,and the hydrological system of the wetland was improved,and the fragmentation of the patches was gradually restored.The research results provide technical support for improving the utilization efficiency of water resources and the protection of dryland ecology.

关 键 词：湿地 生态修复 生态调度 疏漫灌溉 灌溉制度 

分 类 号：S275[农业科学—农业水土工程]