20世纪上半叶华金栋对藏南的地理调查及其影响  

F.Kingdon Ward's Geographical Survey and Influence of Southern Xizang in the First Half of the 20th Century

作　　者：张皓[1] Zhang Hao

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《广东社会科学》2024年第3期118-137,285,286,共22页Social Sciences in Guangdong

摘　　要：华金栋是英国对中国西藏地理调查和情报搜集史上的显著人物,他从地理上论证了英国所划“麦克马洪线”的“正确性”。他在英国有关“学会”和团体的支持下,专门到中印边界东段东端雅鲁藏布江下峡谷地区和西端门隅地区进行植物搜集、地理调查。他在地理上将西藏高原划分为羌塘高原、外层高原和雅鲁藏布江大峡谷三个地区。与之相适应,他在植物分布上划分中亚地区、印度-马来亚、东亚地区三个植物带,将这三个地区和三个植物带相连地区视为中印之间的“强度结合地带”。他沿着喜马拉雅山脉,划分喜马拉雅山脉之南潮湿植物带和之北干燥植物带,声称要以喜马拉雅山脉为中印“边界线”。他向英国政府提出研究报告,建议英国政府采取实际行动,实施“麦克马洪线”,侵占喜马拉雅山脉以南和“强度结合地带”的中国领土。华金栋的行动,使英国政府及英印政府想起“麦克马洪线”,英国自1935年开始向“麦克马洪线”以南中国领土实施“前进政策”。华金栋事例,折射出20世纪上半叶英国以及侵藏分子寻找地理依据以侵占中国藏南领土的策略手段。Kingdon Ward was an outstanding figure in the history of British geographical survey and intelligence collection on China's Xizang.He proved geographically the“correctness”of the British McMahon Line.With the support of relevant“societies”and groups of British,he entered the Lower Gorge Area of Yalu Tsangpo River at the eastern end of the Sino-Indian border and M?nyul at the western end,to make plant collection and geographical survey.He divided Xizang plateau into three areas,the Chang Tang Plateau,the outer plateau and the Yalu Tsangpo river grand gorge.To adapt to this,he divided the plant distribution into three plant belts,Himalayan,Indo-Malayan,and Eastern Asiatic species.He said,Yalu Tsangpo river lower gorge area which connected the three plant belts was a“strong admixture”between China and India.He followed the Himalayas range to divide it into the southern humid zone and the northern dry zone to say that the Himalayas range was“boundary line”between China and India.He advised the British government to take practical action to implement“Mc Mahon Line”and encroach on Chinese territory south of the Himalayas and in the“strong admixture.”Kingdon Ward made British government and British-Indian government think of“Mc Mahon Line.”They have applied the“advance policy”to the Chinese territory south of“Mc Mahon Line”since 1935.Kingdon Ward case has reflected the strategic means of Britain and its trespassers seeking geographical basis to occupy the territory of southern Xizang of China in the first half of the 20th century.

关 键 词：华金栋 门隅 雅鲁藏布江下峡谷 “麦克马洪线” 

分 类 号：K26[历史地理—历史学]