“多麦东本”:元朝中央在康区设置的第一个地方政权——从“萨玛王朝”的传说说起  

"mDo-smad sTong-dpon":The First Local Authority in Kham Areas Established by the Yuan Dynasty——From the Legend of the Sa-dmar Dynasty

作　　者：石硕 降央松姆 黄辛建 SHI Shuo;vJam-dbyangs bzang-mo;HUANG Xin-jian

机构地区：[1]四川大学历史文化学院 [2]西南民族大学民族学与社会学学院 [3]西南民族大学旅游与历史文化学院,成都610064

出　　处：《中国藏学》2024年第1期59-67,212,共10页China Tibetology

摘　　要：今甘孜藏族自治州白玉县沙马乡德托村境内,不仅有被当地人称作“萨玛王朝”的遗址,也流传着诸多“萨玛王朝”同德格土司家族渊源关系的传说。为厘清该问题,笔者在实地考察基础上,结合相关汉、藏史籍文献的记载,对此进行了系统、全面的梳理与探讨。元代,德格家族的四郎仁青因担任八思巴的首席侍从官,在八思巴举荐下被元世祖忽必烈册封为“多麦东本”,成为管辖多麦地区的千户,即传说中的“萨玛王朝”。文章通过对相关史料文献与历史背景的分析,认为“萨玛王朝”的建立时间即四郎仁青受封“多麦东本”的时间1264年,“多麦东本”是元朝中央在康区设立的第一个地方政权,也成为后来德格土司家族发展为康北地区最大势力之根脉。尽管元朝1325年才设置管辖康区的“土蕃等路宣慰使司都元帅府”,但在康区的行政建制却始于1264年。因此,“多麦东本”作为元朝中央在康区建立的第一个地方政权,在元朝建立康区行政体制中具有标志性意义。In Detuo Village,Shama Township,Baiyu County,Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture today,there are not only historical ruins called the "Sa-dmar Dynasty" by the local people,but also many legends on the relationship between the "Sa-dmar Dynasty" and the family of Dege Chieftain.To clarify this issue,this paper conducted a systematic and comprehensive study based on on-site investigations and relevant records in both Chinese and Tibetan historical documents.In the Yuan Dynasty,bSod-nams Rin-chen from the Dege family was appointed as the chief attendant of Phags-pa and on the recommendation of Phags-pa,he was canonized as the "mDo-smad stong-dpon" by the Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan,and became the local ruler of thousand households in the mDo-smad area,that is,the legendary "Sa-dmar Dynasty".Based on an analysis of relevant historical documents and background,this paper believes that the exact time of establishment of the "Sa-dmar Dynasty",or in other words,the time when bSod-nams Rin-chen was granted the title of "mDo-smad stong-dpon" was in the year of 1264.It was not only the first local authority established by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty in Kham areas,but also the root from which the family of Dege Chieftain developed into the largest power in the northern part of Kham areas.Although the Yuan Dynasty only established the "Tufan and other Pacification Commissions and Chief Military Commands" to govern the Kham areas in the year of 1325,the administrative system in the Kham areas began as early as in the year of 1264.Therefore,being the first local authority in Kham areas established by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty,the "mDo-smad stong-dpon" had a symbolic significance in the establishment of the administrative system in Kham areas during the Yuan Dynasty.

关 键 词：萨玛王朝 元朝中央 八思巴 多麦东本 德格土司 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学]