最低工资标准、贸易自由化与非正规就业——来自中国的微观证据  

Minimum Wage,Trade Liberalization,and Informal Employment--Micro Evidencefrom China

作　　者：李凯杰 刘冰[2] 董丹丹 LI Kaijie;LIU Bing;DONG Dandan

机构地区：[1]河南财经政法大学国际经济与贸易学院 [2]北京科技大学经济管理学院 [3]辽宁大学金融与贸易学院

出　　处：《国际贸易问题》2024年第4期157-174,共18页Journal of International Trade

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“绿色发展理念下我国出口企业行为调整对就业质量的影响研究”(21BJL100);国家自然科学基金青年项目“数字经济赋能中国区域出口贸易韧性:理论机理及路径选择”(42201185);河南省研究生教育改革与质量提升工程项目《中级国际经济学》(YJS2024KC36);河南财经政法大学信和·黄廷方青年学者资助计划(20230416);河南省软科学研究项目“环境规制对出口企业就业稳定的影响研究”(242400410063);河南省高校科技创新团队支持计划(24IRTSTHN027)。

摘　　要：本文基于中国家庭收入调查数据、世界银行企业调查数据、中国工业企业数据和中国专利数据,识别了最低工资标准提升对贸易自由化的非正规就业效应的影响及作用渠道。结果表明:贸易自由化增加了个体非正规就业概率,最低工资标准提升会强化贸易自由化的非正规就业效应;最低工资标准提升对市场化程度较高地区、可贸易部门、非国有企业的就业个体以及低技能、低收入和女性就业个体影响更大;最低工资标准提升的强化效应主要体现在企业非正规性的集约边际变动,即增加了企业非正规就业规模及比重,提高了个体非正规就业的可能性;最低工资标准变动主要通过成本机制、退出机制和创新机制影响贸易自由化的非正规就业效应,且对低生产率企业的影响更加显著;最低工资标准提升能够弱化贸易自由化对非正规就业的部门再配置效应,强化地区再配置效应;最低工资标准提升对贸易自由化的非正规就业和正规就业工资效应的影响存在差异,拉大了正规就业和非正规就业的工资差距。文章为中国进一步合理制订最低工资政策、拓宽就业渠道提供了重要的经验依据和政策启示。This paper examines the effects of minimum wage on informal employment induced by trade liberalization and the channels using data from the Chinese Household Income Project,the World Bank enterprise survey,Chinese industrial enterprise data,and Chinese patent data.The results indicate that trade liberalization increases the likelihood of individual informal employment,which is further intensified by increases in the minimum wage.The impact of higher minimum wages is more pronounced among individuals in highly marketized areas,tradable sectors,non-state-owned enterprises,and among low-skilled,low-income,and female workers.The reinforcement effect of rising minimum wages is primarily reflected in the intensive margin of informality,expanding the size and share of informal employment within firms and increasing individual likelihoods of informal employment.Adjustments to the minimum wage influence the informal employment effects of trade liberalization through cost,exit,and innovation mechanisms which are more significant in low-productivity firms.Further analysis reveals that the minimum wage moderates the sectoral reallocation effects of trade liberalization on informal employment while amplifying regional reallocation effects.Additionally,varying wage effects between trade-induced informal and formal employment due to higher minimum wages widen the wage disparity between these employment types.This paper provides an empirical basis and policy insights for China to further refine minimum wage policies and broaden employment channels.

关 键 词：最低工资标准 贸易自由化 非正规就业 集约边际 工资差距 

分 类 号：F742[经济管理—国际贸易]