清末地缘政治和国际经济竞争中的海参崴  

Geopolitical and International Economic Competition in Vladivostok during the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：曹雯[1] CAO Wen(The Institute of Qing History,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《清史研究》2024年第3期133-147,共15页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“19世纪上半叶清朝的边疆与边政研究”(22&ZD231)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：1903年,随着海参崴与其他地域间海上航线的开通,以及西伯利亚大铁道各区段线路的开通,它不仅可以通过海上,还可以仅凭借陆路铁道即可到达俄国的欧洲部分。由此,海参崴获得了成为东西方欧亚贸易中转枢纽港口的发展契机。就中国进出口贸易额而言,1894年为2.23亿美元,至1911年增长到5.52亿美元。然而,明显呈上升趋势的东西方贸易货运仍主要依靠开发了东西方航线的西方轮船公司,位于西伯利亚大铁道东端的海参崴并未如预期般发展成为一个具有全球性地位的国际贸易港口。造成这一局面的原因有三:一是俄国为贪图更大的地缘政治和经济利益,不惜建设了与海参崴贸易利益相冲突的新商港大连;二是无法容忍俄国去撼动既定国际经济关系乃至地缘政治格局的英、日两国结为同盟,以阻挠俄国的这一发展进程;三是俄方人为设定的种种限制政策,束缚了外国人在海参崴的发展。With the opening of sea routes to Vladivostok and the completion of sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway in 1903,it became possible to reach the European part of Russia by sea and overland by rail alone.Thus,Vladivostok gained the opportunity to develop as a hub for East-West Eurasian trade.In terms of China's imports and exports,the volume of trade through the port rose from 223 million US dollars in 1894 to 552 million US dollars by 1911.However,the apparent upward trend in East-West trade still relied mainly on Western shipping companies that had developed the sea routes.Thus,Vladivostok,at the eastern end of the Trans-Siberian Railway,did not develop into an international port of global stature as expected.There were three reasons for this situation:first,Russia built a new commercial port in Dalian,which competed with Vladivostok for greater geopolitical and economic influence;second,Britain and Japan opposed Russian efforts to challenge the established international economic relations and geopolitical patterns and decided to form an alliance to obstruct Russian development;third,the restrictive policies set by the Russians limited the development of foreign interests in Vladivostok.

关 键 词：海参崴 地缘政治 国际经济 竞争 

分 类 号：K257.9[历史地理—历史学]