行政执法中一事不再罚规则的体系化阐释  

Systematic Interpretation of the Principle of Ne Bis Poena In Idem in Administrative Law Enforcement

作　　者：黄锫[1] Huang Pei

机构地区：[1]同济大学法学院,上海200092

出　　处：《浙江学刊》2024年第3期122-134,239,240,共15页Zhejiang Academic Journal

摘　　要：一事不再罚规则中的“一事”不能根据待判行为符合违法构成要件的数量进行判断,而是应该基于自然意义行为与法律意义行为的区分,厘清自然一个行为、自然多个行为与法定一个行为、法定多个行为之间的对应关系,并将“一事”限定在“法定一个行为”之上。法定一个行为中包含了“纯粹一行为”“复合一行为”“连续一行为”“集合一行为”四种理想的行为类型,并且前两者对应自然一个行为,后两者对应自然多个行为。不再罚规则适用时应先区分法定一个行为违反单个法律规范和违反多个法律规范两种类型。前者中不再罚规则要求只能给予一次行政处罚,禁止给予两次及以上同种类或不同种类的处罚。后者中应继续区分法定一个行为违反的多个法律规范之间属于相异位阶还是相同位阶。如果属于相异位阶,不再罚规则要求选择高位阶的法律规范给予一次行政处罚。如果属于相同位阶,则还要进一步区分不同的竞合情形:当属于“法条包含竞合”时,不再罚规则要求适用“特别法优于一般法”给予一次行政处罚。当属于“法条交叉竞合”或“想象竞合”时,不再罚规则要求根据多个法律规范中设定的处罚种类差异确定处罚规则:假如法律规范中设定了相同种类处罚,应适用“择一重罚”规则作出一次行政处罚;假如法律规范中设定了不同种类处罚,应适用“分类处罚”规则作出行政处罚,即由同一行政机关合并处罚种类后作出一次行政处罚,或者由不同行政机关分别作出不同种类的行政处罚。The judgment of"one thing"in the Principle of Ne Bis Poena In Idem can not be determined according to the number of constitutive elements of the illegal act,but should be based on the distinction between the natural meaning of the act and the legal meaning of the act,clarify the relationship between the natural one act,natural multiple acts and legal one act,legal multiple acts,and limit the"one thing"on the legal one act.An act of law contains four ideal types:"pure one act","compound one act","continuous one act"and"collective one act",which may correspond to one act of nature or multiple acts of nature.The rule of"no more punishment"in the Principle of Ne Bis Poena In Idem should distinguish between a violation of a single legal norm and a violation of multiple legal norms.In the former,the rule of"no more punishment"requires that only one administrative penalty should be given,and it is forbidden to give two or more penalties of the same or different kinds.The latter should continue to distinguish whether multiple legal norms violated by a legal act belong to different levels or the same level.If it belongs to different levels,the rule of"no more punishment"requires the selection of higher level legal norms to give an administrative penalty.If they belong to the same level,different conjunctive situations should be further distinguished:when they belong to"the contained overlap of articles of law",the rule of"no more punishment"requires that"special law is superior to general law"should be applied to give an administrative penalty.When they belong to"the crossed overlap of articles of law"or"the imaginative joiner of offenses",the penalty rule is determined according to the difference of penalty types set in multiple legal norms.If the same kind of penalty is set in legal norms,the rule of"choose a heavy penalty"should be applied to make an administrative penalty.If different types of penalties are set in the legal norms,the rule of"classified penalties"shall be applied to make administrative penalties.That i

关 键 词：一事不再罚规则 自然一个行为 法定一个行为 择一重罚规则 分类处罚规则 

分 类 号：D922.11[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]