异地用检的宪法争议及反思  

Constitutional Dispute in and Reflections of the System of Cross-jurisdictional Prosecution

作　　者：刘练军 Liu Lianjun

机构地区：[1]东南大学法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2024年第3期707-726,共20页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：最高人民检察院课题“检察机关的宪法定位与具体职能比较研究”(项目编号:GJ2020BJA03);国家社科基金重点项目“完善党和国家监督体系研究”(项目编号:21AZD088)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：异地用检的宪法争议有二:一是上级检察院统一调用检察官行为是否合宪,二是被调用检察官是否需要经过调入地人大常委会任命。《检察院组织法》授予上级检察院统一调用职权,实乃检察院上下级之间领导关系的一种具体展开,其合宪性定然无疑。检察官在身份上具有国家性和地方性。前者表现为检察官的遴选和任免只能依据全国性法律,检察官必须坚持社会整体利益至上;后者是指各地检察官的遴选与任免属于地方事务,各地检察官可以且应当监督地方性法规的实施,以切实维护地方利益。人大及其常委会乃是检察官任免的唯一主体。“由上调下”的异地用检同样须经人大任免,因为领导关系代替不了产生方式。不宜将地方人大任免检察官的行为定性为宪法委托,它是一种旨在维护地方利益的职权行为。The constitutional disputes in the system of cross-jurisdictional prosecution involve two main issues:firstly,whether the behavior of superior procuratorates in unilaterally calling upon prosecutors is constitutional,and secondly,whether the called-upon prosecutors need to be appointed by the standing committee of the people's congress of the jurisdiction into which they are called.The Procuratorate Organization Law grants superior procuratorates the authority to unify the call-up of prosecutors,which is a specific manifestation of the leadership relationship between different levels of the procuratorate,and its constitutionality is undoubtedly clear.Prosecutors possess a dual nature in terms of identity,embodying both national and local attributes.The former means that the selection and appointment/removal of prosecutors can only be based on national laws,and prosecutors must uphold the supreme interests of the entire society;the latter implies that the selection and appointment/removal of local prosecutors are local affairs,and local prosecutors can and should oversee the implementation of local regulations to genuinely protect local interests.The people's congress and its standing committee are the sole entities responsible for the appointment and removal of prosecutors.The cross-jurisdictional use of prosecutors"from the top down"also requires appointment and removal by the people's congress because the leadership relationship does not replace the method of creation.It is inappropriate to characterize the act of local people's congresses in appointing and removing prosecutors as a constitutional delegation;it is an act of authority aimed at protecting local interests.

关 键 词：异地用检 统一调用 检察官 地方人大 地方利益 

分 类 号：D926.3[政治法律—法学] D921