论体系化视角下的替代交易——以《合同编通则解释》第60条为中心  

Substitute Transaction in a Systematic Perspective——With a Focus on Article 60 of Judicial Interpretation of the General Provisions of the Contract Book of Civil Code

作　　者：王利明[1,2] 包丁裕睿 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学民商事法律研究中心 [2]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《当代法学》2024年第3期3-16,共14页Contemporary Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“我国民法典实施中的重大疑难问题研究”(23&ZD152);中国人民大学重大课题“民法典新规则研究”(21XNLG01)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：替代交易规则体现了违约损害赔偿旨在实现的公平和效率价值,也为法官计算可得利益提供了明确的方法。替代交易规则不仅是可得利益的计算方式,还是违约损害赔偿规则体系化的关键环节:替代交易规则的要件和法律效果反映了损益相抵规则;替代交易是减损义务的一种形态;可预见性规则的运用使实施了替代交易的非违约方一般不得再另行主张间接损失。体系化视角有助于《合同编通则解释》中替代交易规则的理解与适用:替代交易规则与市场价格法则构成不可分割的完整体系,利润计算法仅在无法适用替代交易规则和市场价格法则的情况下才能适用,替代交易规则也不以合同解除为前提。Article 60(2)of Judicial Interpretation of the General Provisions of the Contract Book of Civil Code provides a detailed rule regarding substitute transactions for the first time in Chinese Civil Law.The provision states that"if the non-breaching party exercises the right to rescind the contract in accordance with the law and conducts a substitute transaction,the people's court shall uphold its claim for awarding expectation damages based on the price difference between the substitute transaction and the original contract;if the price of the substitute transaction significantly deviates from the market price at the time of the substitute transaction,and the breaching party argues that the calculation of expectation damages should be based on the difference between the market price and the contract price,the people's court shall uphold the claim."The rule of substitute transactions reflects values of justice and efficiency in the regime of contract remedies.It provides a clear method for judges to calculate damages.However,the rule regarding substitute transactions is not only a method of calculating expectation damages but also plays a key role in the systematization of contractual remedies.A systematic approach is helpful for understanding and applying the rules of substitute transactions in the"Judicial Interpretation of the General Provisions of the Contract Book of Civil Code".The requirements and legal effects of the substitute transaction reflect the rules of offsetting profits and losses(Vorteilsausgleich).The substitute transaction should indeed'substitute'the original transaction,otherwise the non-breaching party can claim net profits of the original contract as expectation damages.The rule of substitute transaction does not bar other heads of damages not covered by the substitute transaction.The substitute transaction is a form of the duty to mitigate.When the non-breaching party does not conduct substitute transaction or the substitute transaction is not reasonable,the mitigation principle leads to cal

关 键 词：替代交易 可得利益 违约损害赔偿 市场价格法则 减损义务 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]