中国粮食安全保障的农地规模经营逻辑——基于农户与地块双重规模经济的分析视角  

The Logic of Large-scale Farming for Ensuring China's Food Security:Based on the Perspectives of Scale Economies of Household and Plot

作　　者：徐志刚[1,2] 章丹 程宝栋[3] Xu Zhigang;Zhang Dan;Cheng Baodon(College of Economics and Management,Nanjing Agricultural University;Jin Shanbao Institute for Agriculture&Rural Deve Nanjing Agricultural University;School of Economics and Management,Beijing Forestry University)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学经济管理学院 [2]南京农业大学金善宝农业现代化发展研究院 [3]北京林业大学经济管理学院

出　　处：《管理世界》2024年第5期106-120,共15页Journal of Management World

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“我国三大平原‘资源—要素—政策’相协调的粮食和生态‘双安全’研究”(基金号:20&ZD094)的资助。

摘　　要：粮食安全保障是维护国家安全与社会稳定的重要内容和基础。农地规模经营可提升劳动生产率与收入,但其土地产出率及粮食安全效应却因规模经济与规模不经济之争一直存在争议。本文创新性地从农户规模经济和地块规模经济两个维度解析规模经济,抓住规模经营机械化和雇工化特点,再度审视粮食“规模-单产”关系。本文构建刻画机械化和雇工化对“规模-单产”关系影响逻辑的分析框架,借助对水稻和玉米的农艺和要素特点的比较分析,阐释了不同粮食作物因为耕地资源可获性和农艺及劳动投入特征差异导致机械作业标准化程度与雇工道德风险劳动质量差异,并影响农户和地块规模经济及“规模-单产”关系的经济逻辑。基于全国4省农户与地块抽样调查数据,实证研究表明:(1)水稻和玉米地块层面“规模-单产”均呈“倒U型”关系,但农户层面“规模-单产”关系,水稻为“倒U型”,玉米则为“U型”;(2)中国农业发展现阶段机械技术模式下的规模经营机械化和雇工化在粮食生产农户规模与地块规模影响单产过程中发挥着重要的中介作用。机械作业效率和技术进步有增产效应,但会受地块规模经济约束;雇工专业分工的高劳动质量增产效应会被道德风险低劳动质量影响抵消,但机械化可缓解雇工道德风险问题。调节粮食“规模-单产”关系必须结合机械化和雇工化,从审视粮食生产农艺和资源、技术约束入手。研究结论可为推动劳动生产率与土地产出率协同增长,协调农民增收和保障粮食安全关系提供新的理论指导依据。Food security is an important content and foundation for safeguarding national security and social stability.Large-scale farming can improve labor productivity and producer income,but its impact on land productivity and food security has been controversial due to the debate between economies of scale and diseconomies of scale.This paper explores the scale economy from the dimension of household and plot,grasps the characteristics of mechanization and employment,and re-examines the"scale-yield"relationship by constructing a framework to depict the logic of the impact of mechanization and employment on the"scale-yield"relationship.Through comparative analysis of agronomic and input characteristics of rice and maize,this paper reveals that due to the differences in the availability of land resources,agronomic and labor input characteristics of different crops,the degree of machinery operation standardization and the labor quality caused by moral hazard are different,and such differences will affect the scale economy of household and plot and the'caleyield'.Based on data of farmers and plots in four provinces across the country,the empirical results show that:(1)The relationship between"plot scale-yield"for rice and corn is an inverted U-shape,while"household scale-yield"is an inverted U-shape for rice and a Ushape for corn;(2)Under the mechanical technology model at the current stage of China's agricultural development,the mechanization and employment of large-scale farming plays an important intermediary role in the impact of"household scale-yield"and"plot scale-yield".Mechanization and technological progress enhance the production efficiency but are limited by plot scale economies.The production-increasing effect of"high-quality labor"due to specialization of labor will be offset by the impact of"low-quality labor"caused by moral hazard,but the machanization can help alleviate it.Adjusting the"scale-yield"relationship should consider the processes of mechanization and employment,with an assessment of agronomy,reso

关 键 词：粮食安全 土地产出率 规模经济 机械化 雇工化 

分 类 号：F323.211[经济管理—产业经济] F326.11