优秀男子短距离速度滑冰运动员起跑技术的运动学特征及训练启示  

Kinematic Characteristics and Training Enlightenment of the Elite Male Short-Distance Speed Skaters’Start Techniques

作　　者：房英杰[1] 王子朴[2] 严力 陈月亮 母毅刚[4] 孙辉 FANG Yingjie;WANG Zipu;YAN Li;CHEN Yueliang;MU Yigang;SUN Hui(Harbin Sport University,Harbin 150008,China;Capital University of Physical Education and Sports,Beijing 100191,China;Xiamen Medical College,Xiamen 361023,China;Shenyang Sport University,Shenyang 110102,China;Beijing Open University,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨体育学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150008 [2]首都体育学院,北京100191 [3]厦门医学院,福建厦门361023 [4]沈阳体育学院,辽宁沈阳110102 [5]北京开放大学,北京100081

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2024年第3期14-22,共9页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2022A018);哈尔滨体育学院博士研究生科研创新项目(BS20-202107)。

摘　　要：目的:起跑是决定短距离速度滑冰运动成绩的关键技术,基于AI三维动作捕捉系统探究该项目起跑技术的运动学特征。方法:以国内8名高水平男子短距离速度滑冰运动员为测试对象,测试起跑预备姿势、起动和疾跑前6步的时间、空间、角度和速度参数。结果:1)时间参数中起动时是决定起跑实效性的核心指标(r=0.951),反应时和单步时间次之;2)空间位置参数中起动结束后的步幅、疾跑第2步和第4步的步幅与步宽以及疾跑第5步和第6步的身体重心高度与起跑实效性表现出高负相关(r>|0.5|),HCOM/H表现出起动过程略有降低,疾跑第1步迅速升高而后趋于平稳;3)空间角速参数中后稳定角、起动和疾跑初期蹬冰角、躯干角与起跑实效性表现出高正相关(r>0.5),膝角的蹬伸幅度在93°~148°变化;4)起动和疾跑前4步的速度与起跑实效性表现出高负相关(r>|0.5|),速度达到6.79 m/s时出现从滑跑向滑行技术转化过渡点。结论:起跑表现出“单侧发力、多向运动、非稳定支撑”的动作模式特征,疾跑第5~6步是从滑跑向滑行技术的过渡期。启示:陆冰结合训练中加强快速反应能力与动作速度训练,静力性力量、快速力量与爆发力训练,平衡与稳定控制能力训练,最佳动作协同模式训练以及下肢肌肉韧带刚性训练,有助于提升起跑运动表现。Objective:The start is the most critical skill in determining the short-distance speed skater’s performance.The study explores the kinematic characteristics of the start technique in short-distance speed skating by utilizing an AI-generated 3D motion capture system,aiming to enhance the start performance of skaters.Methods:Eight elite male speed skaters are chosen as test subjects for the analysis of the starting position and initial push,as well as for evaluating time,space,angle,and speed parameters during the initial six steps preceding acceleration.Results:Among the time parameters,the initial push time is the most critical indicator determining the effectiveness of the start(r=0.951),followed by reaction time and single-step time.Among the spatial position parameters,the stride length immediately after the initial push,the stride length and width of the the second and fourth steps during the acceleration phase,as well as the height of the body’s center of gravity during the fifth and sixth steps in the acceleration phase,are negatively correlated with the effectiveness of the start(r>|0.5|).HCOM/H(the ratio of the body’s center of gravity to body height)shows a slight decrease at the initial push,a rapid increase during the first step,followed by a steady trend.Among the spatial angular velocity parameters,the rear stability angle,the push angle,and the trunk angle during the initial push and acceleration show a strong positive correlation with the effectiveness of the start(r>0.5),and the knee angle within the push range varied from 93°to 148°.In addition,the speed at the initial push and during the first four steps of acceleration show a strong negative correlation with the effectiveness of the start(r>|0.5|),and a transition point from rapid short push-off to push-off whilst gliding technique occurs when the speed reaches 6.79 m/s.Conclusions: The start maneuver in speed skating exhibits characteristics of unilateral force, multi-directional movement, and unstable support, while the fifth and sixt

关 键 词：速度滑冰 起跑 运动学特征 

分 类 号：G862.1[文化科学—体育训练]