民粹主义的“人民”想象:辩正与反思  

The Populist Conception of“People”:Differentiation and Reflections

作　　者：聂智琪 Nie Zhiqi(The School of Philosophy,Beijing Normal University)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学哲学学院

出　　处：《开放时代》2024年第1期131-143,M0007,共14页Open Times

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“当代西方民粹主义的人民观与民主理论的演进研究”(项目编号:23BZZ107)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：民粹主义的危险在于对民主所赖以为凭的人民话语的争夺甚至篡改。因此,若要真正回应民粹主义的挑战,首先要澄清的就是民主与民粹主义在人民观上的真正区别。为此本文从“反建制”“反精英”和“反多元”三个视角对学界关于民粹主义人民观的既有理解予以梳理和分析,认为这些标签化的断语虽然有其道理,但其本身所具有的含混、张力甚至局限仍有待进一步澄清。在此基础上本文指出,“反多元”确实是民粹主义人民观的本质性特征,但这里的“反多元”并不能简单地等同于对整体性人民的诉求。换言之,民粹主义与民主在人民观上的本质性差异不在于对整体性人民是否拒斥,而是对其不同想象方式,即是否承认整体性人民具有拟制含义。本文的探讨不仅有助于深化对民粹主义的认识,也为重新反思民主理论提供了借鉴。The danger of populism lies in its abuse of the concept of people on which democracy rests.In response to the challenge of populism,we need first to clarify the real difference between democracy and populism in terms of the view on people.This paper reviews and analyzes the existing academic understanding of the populist view on people in the perspectives of“anti-institutionalism”,“anti-elitism”and“anti-pluralism”,and argues that although these labeling assertions have some elements of truth,their ambiguity,tension and limitations need further clarification.On this basis,this paper points out that“anti-pluralism”is indeed the essential feature of the populist view on people,but“anti-pluralism”here cannot simply be equated with referring to the people as a whole.In other words,the essential difference between populism and democracy does not lie in whether they accept or reject the people as a whole,but in their different ways of conceiving the people,that is,whether the people as a whole has a fictional meaning or not.This paper is an effort not only to deepen the understanding of populism,but also to provide a framework for rethinking the theory of democracy.

关 键 词：民粹主义 人民 反建制 反精英 反多元 

分 类 号：D082[政治法律—政治学]