替代性生计提高生态补偿有效性的效果与机理——以草原生态补奖政策为例  

Effect and mechanisms of alternative livelihood options for improving herder engagement with ecological compensation policy-a study of outcomes under China’s“Grassland ecological compensation policy”

作　　者：苏柳方 仇焕广[2] 刘会芳[3,4] 侯玲玲 SU Liu-fang;QIU Huan-guang;LIU Hui-fang;HOU Ling-ing(College of Economics and Management,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China;School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China;College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730020,China;School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]华南农业大学经济管理学院,广东广州510642 [2]中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院,北京100872 [3]兰州大学草地农业科技学院,甘肃兰州730020 [4]北京大学现代农学院,北京100871

出　　处：《草业学报》2024年第6期29-46,共18页Acta Prataculturae Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“国家公园建设中生态补偿方式多元化的路径、效应与优化研究”(72303069),国家自然科学基金项目“乡村振兴战略实施中政府与市场的关系及其协调研究”(71933004)和国家自然科学基金项目“中国农业农村渐进式改革的理论框架与行动逻辑:兼顾多目标发展的政府与市场关系的动态调整”(72141307)资助。

摘　　要：生态补偿有效性不足,资源约束下的生计受限是政策失效的重要原因。从替代性生计视角探讨生态补偿有效性提升,可为生态补偿和生计关系的不一致观点提供调和思路,也有助于促进生态补偿深化改革。本研究以草原生态补奖政策为例,利用甘肃和青海两年追踪调查数据,基于牧户禁牧行为实验,采用区间数据模型和双变量probit模型,从非牧就业和就业培训视角,检验牧户过去6年的替代性生计特征和村级过去4年的替代性生计措施对牧户禁牧受偿意愿的影响,揭示替代性生计对草原生态补奖政策有效性的提升作用。结果发现:牧户替代性生计特征是降低其禁牧受偿意愿、在当前补偿标准下优化补奖政策效果的重要因素,但只有高收益、高稳定性的高技能非牧就业才能发挥有效作用;村级提供就业培训服务有利于降低牧户禁牧受偿意愿、在当前补偿标准下提升补奖政策有效性,但该作用需持续3~4年的累积才能显现。因此,生态补偿改革应充分重视受偿主体的替代性生计转型和发展问题。The implementation of China’s ecological compensation policy whereby herders are paid to control overgrazing to facilitate environmental protection,still faces the challenge of ineffectiveness.The constraint on livelihoods determined by resource limitations stands out as a significant factor contributing to the failure of the ecological compensation policy.Exploring ways to optimize the implementation and impact of ecological compensation through the lens of alternative livelihoods can offer a fresh approach to reconcile existing research on the connection between ecological compensation and sustaining livelihoods.Moreover,this approach can also contribute to furthering the reform efforts with respect to ecological compensation policy.This study,using data on outcomes under the grassland ecological compensation policy(GECP),conducted interval data regression and bivariate probit regression analyses using 2 years of tracking survey data from Gansu and Qinghai provinces.Building on the herders’grazing prohibition behavioral experiment,this study empirically examined the impact of herders’alternative livelihood opportunities over the past 6 years and village-level alternative livelihood measures over the past 4 years on their willingness to accept(WTA)compensation for grazing prohibition.Our study considers the perspectives of non-pastoral employment and employment training,with the aim of elucidating the enhancement effect of existence of alternative livelihood options on the effectiveness of the GECP.The findings reveal that the alternative livelihood opportunities of herders are crucial in determining their WTA grazing bans and optimizing the effectiveness of compensation policies under the current policy settings.However,only high-skilled non-pastoral employment with high income and stability can effectively contribute to improved WTA.Additionally,the provision of employment training services at the village level is beneficial in decreasing the WTA of herders and improving the effectiveness of GECP under t

关 键 词：草原生态补奖政策 替代性生计 非牧就业培训 受偿意愿 行为经济学 

分 类 号：F249.27[经济管理—劳动经济] F326.3[经济管理—国民经济] X321[环境科学与工程—环境工程]