从封号到本称:洪武三年祠神管理政策变革的饱和性解释  

From Title Granting to Indigenous Designation:A Saturative Explanation of the Policy Shift in Deity Management During the Third Year of Hongwu

作　　者：姚明辉 YAO Minghui

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史系

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第5期71-84,共14页Journal of Social Sciences

摘　　要：自六朝始,官方对祠庙和神明的管理逐渐通过赐额和封爵来实现,至宋代形成完备的制度,并沿用至元朝。这不仅是成本较低且被官方熟练掌握的管理办法,同时也是民间百姓广泛接受并积极参与其中的治理方式。但在洪武三年,延续了千百年的赐封制度却遭明廷罢弃。根据对明初神明拥有封号情况的统计可知,正因其长时间运行良好并广受欢迎,神明赐封制度已濒临失效,集中体现为饱和性困境:一方面,官方视野内的神明已普遍拥有封号,封号成为神明的“标配”而不再能有效标识皇帝的恩宠;另一方面,重要神明历代获封,其爵位早已达至“顶配”,新王朝对其封无可封。当赐封成为惯例,封号成为神明司空见惯的另一名称时,也就意味着新王朝难以在旧制中凸显本朝恩典,从而实现皇帝与神明、朝廷礼制与民间信仰的勾连和互惠等预期目标,于是,明廷转而选择通过废除赐封制度而为管理神明开辟新的路径。Since the third century,the official management of ancestral temples and deities gradually evolved to be implemented through the bestowal of honorary titles and noble ranks.This system,which was formalized during the Song dynasty,persisted into the Yuan dynasty.This method not only boasted relatively low operational costs but was also adeptly wielded by the authorities.Simultaneously,it emerged as a governance approach widely accepted and engaged in by the general populace.However,in the third year of the Hongwu era,the Ming government abandoned this time-honored practice of conferring titles,which had endured for centuries.Through a statistical analysis of the bestowed titles upon deities during the early Ming period,it becomes evident that the system,having operated effectively for an extended duration and enjoyed broad popularity,was on the brink of institutional obsolescence.This manifested as a saturation dilemma:on the one hand,deities within the official purview universally acquired titles,rendering such designations commonplace and no longer emblematic of imperial favor;on the other hand,pivotal deities had already attained the pinnacle of noble ranks in preceding dynasties,leaving the nascent dynasty with no titles left to confer.As the conferral of titles became a customary practice and such designations became ubiquitous among deities,it signified that within the existing framework,the fledgling Ming dynasty faced challenges in highlighting its distinctive grace.Consequently,the Ming court opted to inaugurate a new mode of deity governance by abolishing the practice of conferring titles,thereby striving to foster the anticipated connections and mutual benefits between the emperor and deities,as well as the court and the civilian populace.

关 键 词：宗教治理 神明赐封 明代礼制 制度困境 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]