20世纪七八十年代苏联人民生活水平探究--兼议苏联解体的经济因素  

An Exploration of the Living Standards of the Soviet People in the 1970s and 1980s:A Discussion of the Economic Factors for the Disintegration of the Soviet Union

作　　者：李义男 Li Yinan

机构地区：[1]俄罗斯高等经济大学

出　　处：《世界社会主义研究》2024年第4期69-82,M0005,共15页World Socialism Studies

摘　　要：关于苏联解体的原因存在这样一种认识:苏联解体前,人民生活水平远不及西方发达国家且长期未有明显提高,这导致苏共丧失了人民的支持,进而引起苏联解体。然而,统计数据表明,20世纪七八十年代,苏联人民的生活质量得到全方位改善,到80年代中期即戈尔巴乔夫改革前,苏联的人均食品消费水平和近半数种类的耐用商品普及率已接近或达到发达国家平均水平,在医疗、教育、住房等社会保障方面享受的福利则远高于西方资本主义国家。尽管维持和提高人民的生活水平使国家背上了沉重的财政负担,但生活水平因素与苏联解体不存在直接关联。苏联实际生活水平的下降是在其解体进程开始之后才出现的。One perception regarding the reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union holds that before the disintegration,the living standards of the Soviet people had been significantly lower than that in Western developed countries and had not shown substantial improvement over time,which led to the loss of people's support for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and ultimately led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union.However,statistics show that in the 1970s and 1980s,the quality of life of the Soviet people was improved in all respects,and by the mid-1980s,that is,before Gorbachev's reform,the per capita food consumption level and the penetration rate of nearly half the categories of durable goods had reached or approached the average level of developed countries,and the benefits the Soviet people enjoyed in healthcare,education,housing and other social welfare were far superior to those in Western capitalist countries.Although maintaining and improving the people's living standards imposed a heavy financial burden on the state,there was no direct correlation between living standards and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.The actual decline in living standards of the Soviet people occurred only after the disintegration had begun.

关 键 词：苏联解体 苏联人民 生活水平 戈尔巴乔夫改革 社会福利 

分 类 号：K51[历史地理—历史学]