被缚的菲莉丝·惠特利:美国黑人文论的三个发展阶段  

Bounded Phillis Wheatley:Three Stages of African American Literary Theory

作　　者：何燕李[1] He Yanli

机构地区：[1]四川大学文学与新闻学院,成都610065

出　　处：《文学理论前沿》2023年第2期63-94,共32页Frontiers of Literary Theory

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“美国族裔文学种的文化共同体思想研究”(21&ZD281)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：菲莉丝·惠特利在美国黑人文学理论史上的作用是不可替代的,具体表现为三大发展阶段的三大论争。第一,萌芽阶段:环境论与先天论,少数能够书写的黑人在其作品中提及惠特利能够写作的原因——主人培养或先天固有,并赞扬她对族裔做出的巨大贡献。第二,发展阶段:宣传论与艺术论,黑人知识分子跳出了萌芽时期的作者论和褒扬框架,走向反-惠特利,批评她缺失的族裔宣传性,并开始探讨文学本身的定位——艺术或宣传。第三,成熟阶段:内容论与形式论,黑人学者内部出现了针对惠特利的抑扬派别,前者批评她“白色化”的奴颜,后者挖掘她“黑色化”的艰难,其中盖茨在明确族裔前辈文学定位的基础上构建能够正确解读黑人文学的阐释体系,以及评判其既黑又美基质,从而走向了内容论和形式论之争。Phyllis Wheatley's role in the history of African American literary theory in the United States is irreplaceable,manifested in three major debates across three developmental stages.Firstly,in the nascent stage,the debates centered around environmental factors versus innate abilities.Some black writers,among the minority able to write,mentioned Wheatley's ability to write in their works,attributing it to either the nurturing by their masters or an inherent talent.They praised her significant contributions to the ethnic group.Secondly,in the developmental stage,the debates shifted towards propaganda theory versus artistic theory.Black intellectuals moved beyond the authorship and praise frameworks of the nascent period,turning towards a critique of Wheatley.They criticized her perceived lack of ethnic propaganda and began to explore the positioning of literature itselfwhether it should serve as art or propaganda.Thirdly,in the mature stage,the debates revolved around content theory versus form theory.Within the black scholarly community,factions emerged regarding Wheatley's legacy.One faction criticized what they saw as her“whitewashing”of subservience,while another delved into the challenges of her“blackening.”Building upon the literary positioning established by their ethnic predecessors,Gates sought to construct an interpretative framework capable of accurately understanding African American literature.This involved evaluating the complex matrix of being both black and American,leading to a dispute between content theory and form theory。

关 键 词：菲莉丝·惠特利 小亨利·路易斯·盖茨 杜波伊斯 美国 黑人文学 

分 类 号：I712.06[文学—其他各国文学]