据出土文献说“言”“谳”同源兼及郭店简《六德》“狱■”的释读  

A Study on the Cognate Relationship between Yan言and Yan谳Based on Unearthed Documents and the Interpretation of“狱GF8F8”in Guodian Manuscripts Liude

作　　者：刘晓晗 Liu Xiaohan

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院

出　　处：《出土文献》2024年第2期39-48,170,共11页Excavated Documents

摘　　要：上博六《景公疟》简4“听狱”,传世文献异文作“治言”。邬可晶先生指出“言”读为“谳”,表狱讼义。本文在此基础上,从语音、字用和语义方面详细论证了“言”“谳”应该是一组同源词。“言”从“言语”义引申出“讼”义,“谳”应是战国秦汉时期从“言”分化而来的。“谳”继承了“言”从下言上的核心语义,但其整体语义域比“言”缩小很多,是一个专用于司法刑狱的综合性动词。“言”“谳”亦可以从动词引申为表示动作关联的对象名词“狱讼”。本文还讨论了郭店简《六德》中的“狱■”,认为“狱■”当读为“狱彦(言—谳)”。The phrase ting yu听狱is used on slip 4 of Jinggong nue景公疟in volume 6 of the Shanghai Museum Manuscripts,the variant form in the transmitted record is zhi yan治言.Wu Kejing pointed out that yan言is read as yan谳,meaning“litigation.”On this basis,this paper argues in detail that yan言and yan谳should be understood as a set of cognate words,based on phonology,word usage and semantics.The word yan言“speech”could have been extended to mean“litigation,”and the word yan谳was derived from it during the Warring States period,Qin and Han Dynasties.The word yan谳inherited the core semantic meaning of yan言,i.e.,to“speak upwards,”but its overall semantic field is much narrower as it is a comprehensive verb specific to judiciary punishment.On this basis,yan言and yan谳can also be extended to function as the object noun denoting the action“lawsuit.”In addition,this paper argues that the phrase“狱0x0E0xFF0xF00xFF樦a0x0F”in the Guodian Manuscripts Liude六德should be read as“狱彦(言—谳).”

关 键 词：言 谳 同源词 综合性动词 六德 

分 类 号：K877.5[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K23[历史地理—历史学] H12[语言文字—汉语] H131