透视美国地方行政管理——基于城市经理和公务员身份的相通性  

An In-Depth Analysis of Local Administration in the United States:Examining the Shared Roles of City Managers and Civil Servants

作　　者：刘博然 石庆环[2] LIU Boran;SHI Qinghuan(School of Politics and Public Administration,Guangxi Normal University,Guilin 541006,China;History School of Liaoning University,Shenyang 110136,China)

机构地区：[1]广西师范大学政治与公共管理学院,广西桂林541006 [2]辽宁大学历史学院,辽宁沈阳110136

出　　处：《辽宁大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期122-132,共11页Journal of Liaoning University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“20世纪美国地方政府公务员专业化历史进路研究”(21BSS003);广西高校中青年教师科研基础能力提升项目“专业主义视阈下的美国城市经理制研究”(2024KY0060)。

摘　　要：1883年的美国联邦公务员改革,可视为美国转向现代行政国家的历史起点。随后,美国地方政府接续了联邦和州的行政改革运动,构建了新的市政体制。其中,新创的城市经理制最具影响力,也与公务员改革的行政价值观最为恰切。因此,城市经理与公务员在职业身份与定位上有诸多的相通性。在地方行政管理中,“去政治化”的需求,决定了事务性官员的职业类属与权力特性;“背景来源”的专业化要求与“待遇优厚”对职业地位的保障,凸显出行政在效率、稳定与中立方面的偏好;“行政本位”原则,寓于两者职业价值观与职业合法性之中。而这些相通性的背后,又蕴含着美国地方行政管理在制度安排上的独立性与理念的同一性。The United States federal civil servant reform in 1883 can be seen as the historical starting point of the United States'shift to a modern administrative state.Subsequently,local governments in the United States maintained the federal and state administrative reform movements and constructed new municipal systems.Among them,the newly created city manager system is the most influential and the most appropriate to the administrative values of civil servant reform.Therefore,the city manager and the civil servant have many similarities in terms of professional identity and orientation.In local administration,the demand for"depoliticization"determines the occupational category and power characteristics of service officials;the professionalization requirement of"background source"and the guarantee of"generous treatment"for the professional status highlight the preference of administration in efficiency,stability and neutrality.The principle of"administrative orientation"is in professional values and professional legitimacy of the above two.Behind these similarities implies the independence of the U.S.local administration in the arrangement of the administrative system and the similarity of administrative concept.

关 键 词：美国地方政府 城市经理制 美联邦公务员制度 市政体制 《彭德尔顿法》 

分 类 号：K712.6[历史地理—历史学]