论公司外部表示行为的法律逻辑  

On the Legal Logic of External Representation Behavior of Companies

作　　者：蒋大兴[1] JIANG Daxing(School of Law,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院,北京100871

出　　处：《现代法学》2024年第3期1-20,共20页Modern Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“公司法修订中的重大问题研究——基于私人自治与公共规制之间的平衡”(21AFX019)。

摘　　要：公司法以调整公司的设立、运营和解散为主要目的,其规范构造也主要采用内部生效规则,与合同法等交易法主要关注外部合同如何成立、生效有明显不同。这种公司法与合同法分野的逻辑,虽有利于区分不同部门法律规范的调整任务及分工,却忽视了交易实践的复杂性,以及公司内部治理干预特定交易之成立对于维持公司法人格的重要性。公司法依托合同工具而成立,对于公司这一拟制主体,仍需解决基于董事或经理等自然人之代理行为而成立的交易如何归属于公司的问题。公司法首先建立了代理行为的“合法原则”与“职务原则”。同时,区分常规交易与特定交易,前者仅需董事、经理或雇员等自然人的个人行为即可成立,后者尚需取得公司内部机构的审议或同意即私法上的批准行为方可成立。因此,公司交易可能是由一元性的表示行为构成,也可能是由二元性或多元性的表示行为构成。公司股东会或董事会等内部治理机构的批准行为,不仅具有形成公司内部意思的效果,还具有决定外部交易是否成立生效的表示行为的力量。合同行为造就了公司,公司也不应完全游离在合同效力之外。唯此,才能形成控制公司代理人行为的有效机制。The main purpose of company law is to adjust the establishment,operation and dissolution of companies,and its normative structure also mainly adopts the“internal effective”rules,which is obviously different from transaction laws such as contract law that mainly focus on how to establish and validate external contracts.This logic of division between company law and contract law,is conducive to distinguishing the adjustment tasks and division of labor of different branches of law,but ignores the complexity of the transaction practice,as well as the importance of internal governance intervention in the establishment of specific transactions to maintain corporate legal personality.The company law is established on the basis of the contract instrument,but for the entity of the company,it is still necessary to address the issue of how transactions established based on the agency behavior of natural persons such as directors or managers belong to the company.The company law firstly establishes the“legal principle”and“duty principle”of agency behaviors.At the same time,it distinguishes between regular transactions and specific transactions.The former only requires the individual conduct of a natural person such as a director,manager or employee,while the latter requires the approval or consent from internal company institutions-a private legal approval behavior.Therefore,a corporate transaction may consist of expression act of“monism”or“duality or diversity”.The approval of internal governance institutions such as the shareholders’meeting or the board of directors not only has the effect of forming internal intentions of the company,but also has the power to determine whether external transactions are established and effective.Contractual behavior creates a company,and the company should not detach from the contractual effect.Only in this way can an effective mechanism be formed to control the behavior of the company agents.

关 键 词：公司 合同 资产 代理 决议 法人格 

分 类 号：DF411.91[政治法律—经济法学]