协商性程序中无辜者认罪的十大“病理”  

Ten"Pathologies"of Wrongful Convictions of Innocent Persons Pleading Guilty in Consultative Judicial Process and the Countermeasures for Eradication

作　　者：秦策 Qin Ce

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学法学院

出　　处：《青少年犯罪问题》2024年第3期40-55,共16页Issues on Juvenile Crimes and Delinquency

基　　金：上海财经大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助成果。

摘　　要：与对抗性程序相比,协商性程序中无辜者的认罪更令人困惑,认罪原因也更为复杂,探求此类错案的“病理”具有特别重要的实践价值。基于我国认罪认罚从宽和西方国家辩诉交易的相关案例发现,无辜者之所以错误认罪,其背后往往存在以下因素:事实误解、法律误解、厌恶诉讼风险、惧怕严厉刑罚、受量刑折扣诱惑、避免“惩罚性的过程”、急于摆脱不利的生活困境、检察官的不当行为、律师不良建议或法律帮助不足、被追诉人恶意或特殊动机等。随着认罪认罚从宽实践的开展,通过回溯性检视来总结经验教训也极其必要。当务之急是建立起无辜者认罪错案的“病例库”,在此基础上,通过实证的视角来透析此类错案发生的机理,寻求根治此类错案的具体路径。Compared with adversarial proceedings,guilty pleas of the innocent in consultative judicial process are even more puzzling,and the reasons for them are more complex,so it is of particular practical value to explore the"pathology"of such wrongful convictions.Based on judicial cases from China's granting leniency to those who admitting their guilt and accept punishment and western countries'plea bargaining,it is found that for the reason why the innocent person wrongly plead guilty,there are often the following factors behind:factual misunderstanding,legal misunderstanding,aversion to litigation risk,fear of harsh penalties,by the temptation of sentencing discounts,to avoid the"punitive process",being eager to get rid of the unfavorable life difficulties,prosecutorial misconduct,bad advice or inadequate legal help from counsel,bad faith or special motivation on the part of the accused.As the practice of granting leniency to those who admitting their guilt and accept punishment develops,the need for retrospective review to learn the lessons of the experience is also critical.It is imperative to establish a"case bank"of innocent people pleading guilty to wrongful convictions,on the basis of which the mechanism of such wrongful convictions can be analyzed through an empirical perspective,and a specific path to eradicate such wrongful convictions can be sought.

关 键 词：协商性程序 无辜者认罪 错案病理学 认罪认罚从宽 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学] D925.2[政治法律—法学]