从上博简《孔子诗论》论“言”看孔子的语言观  

Exploring Confucius'Language View from the Related Content of the"Words"in Confucius Poetics of the Warring States Bamboo Slips Collected in the Shanghai Museum

作　　者：谢乃和 王思齐 Xie Naihe;Wang Siqi

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学历史文化学院世界文明史研究中心,吉林长春130024

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第6期5-16,共12页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项2022年度重大招标项目“中国礼制文化与国家治理研究”(22VLS004);国家社会科学基金一般项目“封建制与商周早期国家治理体系研究”(20BZS020)。

摘　　要：“重言”是虞夏商周早期王朝国家治术的一个重要特色,“立言”则是周代贵族礼乐政治的重要内容和形式,其形塑了先秦儒家“言教”和政治伦理型语言观念的传统,而以“周文”传承者自居的孔子则是这一儒家语言观念的奠基者。孔子基于“为政”由“礼”必先“正名”的王道政治学说,特别重视以言资政。上博简《孔子诗论》从形式与内容两方面为认识孔子语言观提供了新史料:在形式上,孔子以达意、有文和用为政治语言等三个层面说明《诗》是其理想语言载体;在内容上,分别从言与行、志、礼等三组递进式支点性概念建构其语言理论体系。孔子的语言观传承了上古早期贵族政治“重言”的传统,意在解决东周宗法封建礼乐名分秩序崩溃后贵族政治语言失范的现象,其关注重心在于以“礼”调和人伦政治关系,力图通过语言文字上的“正名”恢复周代“礼言”下的王道理想社会。孔子这种政治伦理型语言观,对中国古代传统语言观念的形成具有重要作用。In the Yu,Xia,Shang,and Zhou dynasties,"attaching importance to language"was a crucial aspect of early statecraft,while"cestablishing language"was a significant component of noble ritual and music politics of the Zhou dynasty,which shaped the pre-Qin Confucian traditions of"teaching via words"and the political and ethical notions associated with language.Confucius,perceiving himself as the inheritor of the ritual and music culture of the Zhou dynasty,laid the foundation for the Confucian concept on language.He prioritized the correction of the king's political doctrine through ritual,emphasizing the pivotal role of language in political endeavors.The bamboo slips titled Confucius Poetics,dating back to the Warring States period and collected in the Shanghai Museum,offers invaluable insights into Confucius'linguistic views in terms of form and content.Confucius articulates his ideal use of Poetry as a linguistic medium on three distinct levels:for conveying meaning,for textual representation,and for political discourse.In his theoretical framework,he delves into the interconnected concepts of speech and action,aspiration,and ritual,constructing a comprehensive system of linguistic theory.Confucius'view of language not only upholds the tradition of emphasizing words in early aristocratic politics but also addresses the linguistic chaos prevalent in aristocratic politics following the collapse of the patriarchal feudal order during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.Central to his belief system is the harmonization of human and political relationships through ritual,aimed at restoring the ideal society governed by the""ritual and words"of the Zhou dynasty.Confucius'politico-ethical view of language plays an important role in the shaping of traditional language concepts of ancient China.

关 键 词：孔子诗论 孔子 礼治 语言观 伦理政治 

分 类 号：K203[历史地理—历史学]