《史记·扁鹊传》所见“扁鹊”事迹及“春秋笔法”论析  

An Analysis of the Deeds of"Bian Que"and the"Narrative Method of the Spring and Autumn Annals"in Records of the Grand Historian:The Biography of Bian Que

作　　者：周峨 Zhou E

机构地区：[1]上海中医药大学科技人文研究院,上海201203

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第5期99-112,共14页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：上海市哲学社会科学规划项目“《说文解字》中医核心词汇形义源流研究”(2023ZYY003)。

摘　　要：《史记·扁鹊传》所载有三种“扁鹊”:“秦越人”之扁鹊、“良医公名”之扁鹊、“借医喻政”之扁鹊。三则医案,所涉及者不皆为秦越人:“诊断赵简子”当出自后世之说,其中提及的“扁鹊”,乃良医之泛称;“救治虢太子”者,方为秦越人,其时在虢国未灭之前;“望诊齐桓侯”一则,病主当为“蔡桓侯”,其中提及的“扁鹊”存在是秦越人的可能。三则医案之记叙,非依据事件发生时间之先后,而是依据其背后之事“义”:抚脉知病、起死回生、论病及国,渐次深入。文中“六不治”之说来自司马迁对“借医喻政”之扁鹊故事的归纳总结,篇末行迹遍布各地、治病随俗为变的“扁鹊”即此一种“扁鹊”。司马迁将三种“扁鹊”合而为一,以“疑以传疑”“推见至隐”的笔法写作此传,乃欲寄寓其治国亦如诊疾、当有见微知著之智的微旨。There are three kinds of Bian Que in Records of the Grand Historian:The Biography of Bian Que:Bian Que as"Qin Yueren",Bian Que as"good doctor's public name",and Bian Que for"using medicine as a metaphor for politics","Bian Que"in the threc medical cases does not all refer to Qin Yueren:the story of"diagnosing Zhao Jianzi"was invented by later generations and"Bian Que"mentioned in the story is a general term for good doctors;"Bian Que"who"rescued the prince of Guo",which happened before the Guo State was destroyed,was Qin Yueren;the patient in the incident of"diagnosing Marquis Huan of Qi"should be"Marquis Huan of Cai",and this"Bian Que"might be Qin Yucren.The narration of the three medical cases is not based on the sequence of events,but on the"meaning"of the events.The meaning of the three medical cases is gradually deepened,from touching the pulse to understanding the disease,to saving the suspected dead patient,and to talking about the disease as a metaphor to govern the country.The theory of"six failures to cure"in the article comes from Sima Qian's summary of the story of Bian Que about"using medicine as a metaphor for politics".""Bian Que"mentioned at the end of the article is this kind of"Bian Que".Sima Qian combined the three kinds of"Bian Que"into one,and wrote this biography in the style of"writing what is doubtful as it is"and"writing what is clear in an obscure way",which is to express the wisdom of governing the country as well as diagnosing diseases.

关 键 词：扁鹊传 秦越人 赵简子 虢国 齐桓侯 

分 类 号：K092[历史地理—历史学]