基因技术生态风险的伦理治理探析  

Ethical Governance of Ecological Risk of Gene Technology

作　　者：李彩虹 LI Caihong(Humanities,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,P.R.China;School of Marxism,Hunan First Normal University,Changsha 410205,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院,北京100084 [2]湖南第一师范学院马克思主义学院,湖南长沙410205

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2024年第5期824-830,共7页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：湖南省社会科学成果评审委员会项目(XSP20YBZ078);教育部人文社会科学研究项目(20YJC720009)。

摘　　要：基因技术给世界绘就了一副健康可控、治愈顽疾、延年益寿的生命画卷。然而,大规模生物基因技术的研发和运用带来巨大商业价值的同时,一系列生态风险也接踵而至。基因库污染导致生物多样性丧失、基因漂移和基因错位等现象,极有可能造成生物霸权、生物本质主义受挑战和劣性生成等生命伦理困境。生物圈紊乱造成的生态系统失衡,有可能导致植物种族主义、侵害生命和灭绝物种等伦理失范。生态失衡引发的全球气候变暖、土壤的及其微生物群被破坏和资源过度消耗等环境危机,也将阻碍人类的持续性发展,因此而造成的对未来人类和其他生命的侵占,是为代际伦理失矩。为促进基因技术与生态保护两者间的并行发展,作为公共政策和法律建立的核心和依据,生态伦理学的规范作用应优先考虑。基因技术生态风险伦理治理的本质是,解决人类对于世界的主宰限度、道德范畴的延伸程度和对研发物种的价值属性确定等问题的模糊。基于此,研究认为致力构建整体视角横向地覆盖所有群体、关注未来几代人的利益和千秋万代的福祉的理念纵向地规约代际正义、内蕴道德理性的指导深向蕲向基因趋“善”的三维一体伦理治理体系,有望促进基因技术“真”“善”融合,为保障基因技术的健康发展和促进生态伦理学的更新应用提供参考。Gene technology is often associated with the concept of a healthy,manageable,curable,and extended lifespan.However,with the development of research and large-scale applications of biological gene technology,and its enormous commercial value,many ecological risks have emerged.The pollution of gene banks can lead to biodiversity loss,genetic drift,and mismatches,which may cause bioethical challenges including bio-hegemony,bio-essentialism,and pessimism.Disruption of the biosphere can lead to ecosystem imbalance,which,in turn,leads to bioethical misbehavior(e.g.,plant racism,life injury,and species extinction).Ecological imbalances have led to environmental crises(e.g.,global warming,destruction of soil microbial communities,and over-consumption of natural resources),which affect the resources for the next generation of humans and other living beings and hinders sustainable human development,leading to intergenerational ethical anomalies.Ethics are the central foundation of legislation and public policymaking.The normative role of ethics should be emphasized to strike a balance between the development of gene technology and environmental protection.The essence of ethical governance of ecological risks in genetic technology is to resolve the ambiguity of the world’s human domination,expand moral categories,and determine the value characteristics of the invented new species.To summarize,this study proposes to construct a three-dimensional integrated ethical governance system that horizontally covers all groups from a holistic perspective,vertically regulates inter-generational equity and is deeply“good”in genes.It is expected to promote the integration of“true”and“good”gene technology to ensure the healthy development of gene technology,and provide a reference for ensuring the healthy development of gene technology and promoting the renewal and application of ecological ethics.

关 键 词：基因技术 生态风险 伦理治理 整体视角 代际正义 趋“善” 

分 类 号：Q14[生物学—生态学] X17[生物学—普通生物学]