炭气凝胶隔热材料研究进展  

Research progress in carbon aerogels for thermal insulations

作　　者：门静 王鲁凯 冯军宗[1] 姜勇刚[1] 李良军 冯坚[1] MEN Jing;WANG Lukai;FENG Junzong;JIANG Yonggang;LI Liangjun;FENG Jian(Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory,College of Aerospace Science and Engineering,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410073,China)

机构地区：[1]国防科技大学空天科学学院新型陶瓷纤维及其复合材料重点实验室,长沙410073

出　　处：《材料工程》2024年第6期78-91,共14页Journal of Materials Engineering

基　　金：湖南省重点研究计划项目(2022GK2027)。

摘　　要：新型高速航天飞行器的不断发展对耐高温、轻质、高效隔热材料提出了迫切需求,炭气凝胶因其纳米尺度孔隙和颗粒链结构,不仅具有传统气凝胶的低密度、高孔隙率、高比表面积及低热导率等优异的特性,还具有耐超高温(惰性气氛)、高红外比消光系数等优点,使其在作为隔热材料应用于超高温部位热防护具有显著优势。本文首先基于热传导理论,分别从气凝胶密度和微观结构(孔径、粒径)等方面阐述了炭气凝胶隔热性能的研究现状,然后综述了近年来国内外炭气凝胶隔热材料制备工艺及性能优化的研究进展,主要包括力学性能增强、耐烧蚀/抗氧化、低成本化及超轻超弹四个方面,并对各方面存在的优缺点进行了总结。最后提出低成本、高性能炭气凝胶隔热材料的后续研究方向,并对其在民用及其他特殊领域的发展应用进行展望。The continuous development of new high-speed space vehicles has put forward an urgent demand for high-temperature resistant,lightweight and high-efficiency thermal insulations.Carbon aerogel not only has the excellent characteristics of low density,high porosity,high specific surface area and low thermal conductivity due to its nanoscale structure,but also has the advantages of ultra-high temperature resistance under inert atmosphere and high infrared specific extinction coefficient.Therefore,it has significant advantages in its application as a thermal insulation for the thermal protection of ultrahightemperature parts.In this paper,the research status of the thermal insulation properties of carbon aerogel from the aspects of aerogel density and microstructure(pore size,particle size)based on heat transfer theory were summarized firstly.Then,the researches on the preparation technologies and properties optimization of carbon aerogels for thermal insulations in recent years,which mainly included four major aspects of mechanical property enhancement,ablative resistance/oxidation resistance,low-cost,and superlight and superelastic were reviewed,and the advantages and disadvantages of the four aspects were also summarized.Finally,the future research directions of low-cost and high-performance carbon aerogel thermal insulations are proposed,and its development and application in civil and other special fields are prospected.

关 键 词：炭气凝胶 隔热材料 热导率 力学性能 抗氧化 低成本 

分 类 号：TB35[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]