以物抵债的类型及其法律适用规则——《合同编通则司法解释》第27条和第28条规定解读  

Types of Debt-in-kind and the Rules of Their Legal Application Interpretation of Articles 27 and 28 of the Judicial——Interpretation of the General Provision of Contracts

作　　者：杨立新 YANG Lixin

机构地区：[1]广东财经大学法学院 [2]广东财经大学法治与经济发展研究所 [3]中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心

出　　处：《上海政法学院学报（法治论丛）》2024年第3期1-13,共13页Journal of Shanghai University of Political Science & Law(The Rule of Law Forum)

基　　金：2021年度北京市社会科学研究基金重点研究项目“民法典实施中的疑难问题研究”的阶段性研究成果,项目编号:21FXA004。

摘　　要：《合同编通则司法解释》第27条、第28条将以物抵债协议分为两种类型,即债务履行期限届满后达成的以物抵债协议和债务履行期限届满前达成的以物抵债协议。在债务履行期限届满后达成的以物抵债,是履行合同债务的替代方式,在达成合意时生效。协议履行后,债权债务关系消灭;债务人不履行以物抵债协议的,债权人有选择权,请求履行债务或者以物抵债协议,即使以物抵债协议经过法院确认书或者调解书确认的,也仍然是债权,不发生物权变动的后果。债务履行期限届满前达成的以物抵债协议,性质近似于担保物权,或者属于合同变更,前者不具有优先受偿的效力,但是抵债财产已经转移的,依照让与担保的规则处理;后者没有约定债务人不履行到期债务实现以物抵债协议的,属于合同变更,应当适用《民法典》规定的合同变更规则。Articles 27 and 28 of the Judicial Interpretation of the General Provision of Book Three contracts of the Civil Code to set off debt-in-kind into two types,i.e.,agreements to set off debt-in-kind concluded after the expiration of the period for the performance of debts and agreements to set off debt-in-kind concluded before the expiration of the period for the performance of debts.An agreement to set off a debt-in-kind after the expiration of the period for the performance of the debt is a substitute for the performance of the contractual obligation and takes effect when the agreement is reached.After the agreement of dept-in-kind is fulfilled,the debt relationship is extinguished;the debtor does not fulfill the agreement of dept-in-kind,the creditor has the right to choose,requesting the fulfillment of the debt or the agreement of dept-in-kind,even if the agreement of dept-in-kind has been confirmed through the confirmation letter or mediation by court,it is still a claim with consequences of no change in rem.The agreement of dept-in-kind effectuated before the expiration of the debt performance,has the nature similar to the security right,or can be attributed to the modification of contract.While the former does not have the effect of priority of compensation,and the encumbered property has been transferred,it is dealt with in accordance with the rules of cession and security;the latter which fails to agree on the realization of the agreement of dept-in-kind when the debtor does not perform the debt,is attributed to the alteration of contract,and the rules of change of contract provided in the Civil Code should be applied.

关 键 词：以物抵债 抵债财产 债务履行替代方式 近似担保 债权实现方式 

分 类 号：DF525[政治法律—民商法学]