杜甫诗中的特殊句式  

Special Sentence Patterns in Du Fu's Poems

作　　者：蒋绍愚[1] Jiang Shaoyu

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系,北京100871

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期125-135,245,共12页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：杜甫诗中的特殊句式和散文差别较大,如果不了解这些特殊句式,就会影响诗的阅读和理解。杜甫诗中的特殊句式主要有六类。一是特殊话题句,其结构是“话题+V+NP”,话题可以是名词词组、动词词组、形容词词组在语义上可读作“V+NP+(之)+话题”。二是特殊“兼语句”,即一个普通动词带一个宾语,而在宾语后面又出现一个形容词,和前面的宾语构成主谓关系。三是关系语处于特定位置。如果关系语出现在通常主语、宾语所在的位置上,或者关系语插入句中,往往会引起误解。四是倒装句。在杜诗的注释中常有人提到“倒装”。仔细分析,很多都不是倒装。真正的倒装是有的,但不太多。五是连贯句。唐诗一般是两句一联,一联之中的两句,是两个独立的句子。但杜甫诗中,有的一联才是一个句子,上句和下句要连起来读,我们把它称为“连贯句”。六是二联相续。杜甫诗中有“一与三相续,二与四相续”和“一与四相续,二与三相续”两种情况。当然,诗词的语言毕竟是一种艺术的语言,有些句子高度凝缩,很难做出清晰的句子分析。The special sentence pattern in Du Fu's poetry is quite different from that in prose.If you don't know these special sentence patterns,you will have difficulty reading and understanding the poem.There are mainly six types of special sentence patterns in Du Fu's poetry.One is the special topic sentence,whose structure is"topic+V+NP".The second is the special"concurrent sentence",which refers to an ordinary verb with an object,and an adjective appears after the object,forming a subject-verb relationship with the object in front.The third is that the relation language is in a specific position.If the relation language appears in the position where the subject and object are usually located,or the relation language is inserted into the sentence,it will often lead to misunderstanding.The fourth is the inversion sentence.In the notes of Du Fu's poetry,scholars often mentioned inversion sentence.If you carefully analyze it,you will find that many poems do not have inversions.There are some real inversion sentences,but not too many.The fifth is coherent sentence.In some cases,one sentence and the next sentence in Du Fu's poetry should be read together.The sixth is two-line continuity.There are two situations in Du Fu's poetry:"the first sentence and the third sentence are continued,the second sentence and the fourth sentence are continued"and""the first sentence and the fourth sentence are continued,the second sentence and the third sentence are continued".Of course,the language of poetry is,after all,a language of art,and some sentences are highly condensate.Thus it is difficult to make a clear sentence analysis.

关 键 词：杜诗 特殊话题句 特殊“兼语句” 关系语 倒装 连贯句 二联相续 

分 类 号：I207.22[文学—中国文学] H141[语言文字—汉语]