数据财产赋权:从数据专有权到数据使用权  

On the Data Property Rights:From Data Exclusive Right to Data Use Right

作　　者：吴汉东[1] Wu Handong

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学知识产权研究中心

出　　处：《法商研究》2024年第3期3-16,共14页Studies in Law and Business

基　　金：国家社会科学基金资助项目(23&ZD161)。

摘　　要：在数据产权立法例上,欧盟法曾采用数据库“著作权保护+特殊权利保护”的双轨制,但法律实施效果不好;中国法现采用“数据库专有赋权(著作权法)+不当行为规制(反不正当竞争法)”的规范体系,但难以满足大数据时代数据财产赋权的制度要求。数据产权立法具有提供新的制度产品的法律价值,表现为新的权利属性(信息产权范畴)、新的制度构成(多元性主体结构和多样性权能内容)、新的法律价值目标(以共享促流通)。根据国家政策指引和《中华人民共和国民法典》有关规定,参考欧洲议会和理事会《关于协调公平访问和使用数据和修订(欧盟)第2017/2394号条例、(欧盟)第2020/1828号指令的条例(数据法)》有关思想资料,我国未来数据财产赋权的法律构造可规定以下三类使用权主体:赋予数据处理者以有限排他为内涵的使用权;赋予数据来源者以访问、携带为要义的使用权;赋予数据使用者以对价许可为特点的使用权。数据财产赋权的立法可命名为“数据权条例”,不同于传统所有权制度和经典知识产权制度,其有限的保护范围(权利客体)、相对的排他效力(权能内容)、有效的共享流动(权利利用)构成了数据产权立法的主要内容。In the legislation of data property rights,the European Union once adopted a dual protection model of"copyright protection and special rights protection"for databases,but the implementation has not been ideal.Currently,Chinese law employs a regulatory framework that combines protecting exclusive rights to database under the Copyright Law of PRC with regulating unfair competition practices under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law of PRC.However,this model struggles to meet the institutional demands for data property rights in the era of big data.Legislation on data property rights should fulfill the function of providing new institutional products,which includes claiming the nature of data property rights as information property rights,the institutional composition includes multiple subjects and diverse rights content,and the objective of value is to promote the circulation of data through sharing.Following the guidance of national policies and the specific provision of the Civil Code of PRC,and with reference to the Data Act in EU,the legal structure for data property rights legislation in China could stipulate three categories of right-holders.Firstly,to entitle data processors to use data with limited exclusivity.Secondly,to entitle data originators to use data with the accessing and carring data.Thirdly,to entitle data users to use data based on licensing.The legislation of data property rights could be named as"Data Rights Regulation".Distinct from traditional property rights systems and intellectual property rights systems,the main contents of the data property rights legislation include the limited scope of the object,the relative exclusivity of the content of rights,and the emphasis on data circulation and sharing in the utilization of rights.

关 键 词：数据财产赋权 信息产权 数据使用权 数据权条例 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D99[政治法律—法学]