新型反补贴规则是优化还是异化——基于保护市场经济的视角  

Are New Anti-Subsidy Rules an Optimization or Distortion——From the Perspective of Protecting Market Economy

作　　者：沈伟[1] 苏可桢 SHEN Wei

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院,上海200030

出　　处：《学术月刊》2024年第5期98-112,共15页Academic Monthly

基　　金：国家社会科学重大项目“美国全球单边经济制裁中涉华制裁案例分析与对策研究”(21&ZD208)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：国际贸易体系的基石是市场经济条件下的自由竞争,避免补贴等政府行为对市场运作的干预。全球反补贴规则正面临变革。WTO既有的《补贴与反补贴措施协定》(ASCM)明确了补贴的定义、类型和救济手段,但ASCM在公共机构认定等四个方面受到批评。以“美欧日改革方案”、《外国补贴条例》(FSR)和美国“汇率补贴新规”为代表的新型反补贴规则更新ASCM规则,具体体现在拓展规制范围、引入竞争法规则和细化补贴专向性认定等方面。补贴行为具有经济学意义的低效性,其“扭曲市场”性质取代“损害产业”成为新型反补贴规则的关注点,但从规范对象、适用情况与真实目的等维度看,反补贴新规对市场经济的维护效果存疑。Free competition serves as the cornerstone of the international trade system within a market economy,nations should steer clear of governmental interventions,such as subsidies,which can disrupt market operations,global anti-subsidy regulations are thterfore undergoing changes.The current World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures(ASCM)sets forth clear definitions,types,and remedies for subsidies,yet it encounters challenges in aspects such as public entity recognition.New anti-subsidy rules,exemplified by“WTO reform proposals from the U.S.,EU,and Japan”,the European Union’s Foreign Subsidies Regulation(FSR),and the“new U.S.exchange rate subsidies regulation”,seek to update the ASCM.These updates involve expanding the scope of regulation,incorporating competition law principles,and enhancing the determination of subsidy specificity.The economic-inefficiency of subsidy now viewed primarily as“market-distorting”rather than“industry-damaging”,has shifted to the forefront of the new anti-subsidy rules.However,a thorough examination of the regulatory targets,applicable conditions,and true objectives reveals lingering doubts about the efficacy of these new regulations in preserving a market economy.

关 键 词：补贴规制 市场经济 SCM协定 市场扭曲 自由主义 

分 类 号：D9[政治法律—法学]