合成生物学在作物遗传改良中的应用  

Applications of synthetic biology in genetic improvement of crops

作　　者：王繁华 乐亮 普莉 WANG FanHua;LE Liang;PU Li(Biotechnology Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;School of Life Science,Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot 010021,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院生物技术研究所,北京100081 [2]内蒙古大学生命科学学院,呼和浩特010021

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2024年第5期845-865,共21页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:32172091);中国农业科学院基本科研业务费专项(批准号:Y2023PT20);三亚中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院“南繁专项”(批准号:YBXM15)资助。

摘　　要：作为一门新兴学科领域,合成生物学将工程学和生物学相结合,设计和生产新的生物元件和模块,得到需要的人工生物系统.近年来合成生物学发展迅速,利用合成生物学技术可以对作物的产量、营养品质、抗逆等重要性状进行精准的改良和优化,并在植物体内进行天然产物与蛋白的高效合成以满足人们更多的需求.本文从功能元件的设计和改造、元件的合成与组装、挖掘调控回路和功能元件等方面介绍植物中广泛应用的合成生物学技术.阐述合成生物学在提高作物产量、助力作物高效固氮、提升作物营养与品质、提高作物的环境适应性、合成表观遗传模块和构建植物细胞工厂等方面的最新研究进展.在此基础上讨论目前合成生物学在作物遗传改良中所面临的问题以及今后的发展趋势.As a newly emerged field of study,synthetic biology combines engineering principles with biology to design and produce new biological components and modules in order to obtain desired artificial biological systems.In recent years,synthetic biology has developed rapidly.Advances in synthetic biological techniques allow for precise improvement of genetic traits in crop plants,such as increasing yield,improving product quality,and enhancing resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.In addition,the engineered biosynthesis of many natural products has been achieved through the construction of microbial or plant cell factories to meet a wider range of human needs.In this review,we introduce recent advances in synthetic biology techniques widely applied in plants,including the design and modification of functional components,synthesis and assembly of components,and exploration of regulatory circuits and functional modules.We also summarize the latest progress in enhancing crop yield,facilitating efficient nitrogen fixation,improving crop nutrition and quality,enhancing crop adaptability to the environment,synthesizing epigenetic modules,and constructing plant cell factories using synthetic biology.Furthermore,the current challenges and future development of synthetic biology in crop genetic improvement are discussed.

关 键 词：合成生物学 生物元件 生物模块 作物改良 未来农业 

分 类 号：S336[农业科学—作物遗传育种]