夸克胶子等离子体的手征与自旋物理  

Chiral and spin physics of quark gluon plasma

作　　者：王帅 黄旭光[1,2,3,4] Shuai Wang;Xu-Guang Huang(Department of Physics,Fudan University,Shanghai 200438,China;Center for Particle Physics and Field Theory,Fudan University,Shanghai 200438,China;Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application(MOE),Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China;Shanghai Research Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics,Fudan University,Shanghai 200438,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学物理学系,上海200438 [2]复旦大学粒子物理与场论中心,上海200438 [3]复旦大学核物理与离子束应用教育部重点实验室,上海200433 [4]复旦大学上海理论核物理中心,上海200438

出　　处：《科学通报》2024年第15期1989-2007,共19页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2022YFA1604900);国家自然科学基金(12147101,12225502,12075061)资助。

摘　　要：相对论重离子碰撞可以产生极端高温的夸克胶子等离子体(quark gluon plasma,QGP),同时也可以产生极强的电磁场和流体涡旋场.这些场直接影响QGP中微观粒子的自旋和轨道运动,诱导出新奇的宏观量子现象,比如手征磁效应、手征涡效应、手征分离效应、手征电分离效应等手征反常输运现象,以及超子自旋极化、矢量介子自旋排列等现象,并有可能对量子色动力学(quantum chromodynamics,QCD)相结构产生重要影响.这些现象一方面提供了在重离子碰撞中探测QCD的非平庸规范场拓扑结构、强相互作用的电荷-宇称(charge-parity,CP)破坏、夸克胶子物质中的自旋动力学等的实验手段,另一方面也与粒子物理、凝聚态物理、天体物理等发生紧密联系,形成活跃的交叉研究领域.本文对上述宏观量子现象的产生机制以及它们在重离子碰撞中的实验信号等进行了回顾和展望,重点介绍了如下内容:(1)重离子碰撞中强电磁场和流体涡旋场的产生;(2)手征反常输运现象的理论基础和实验信号;(3)手征磁效应和涡效应引起的等离子体不稳定性;(4)QGP中的自旋极化现象.The strong interaction is the fundamental force that binds quarks and gluons into hadrons,such as protons and neutrons,and further binds protons and neutrons into nuclei.Undrstanding the nature and properties of strong interactions is one of the most prominent research frontiers of contemporary physics.However,liberating quarks and gluons from hadrons requires extremely high temperatures or densities,which can only be achieved by relativistic heavy-ion collisions on Earth.These collisions can generate extremely high-temperature deconfined,interacting quark-gluon systems called quark-gluon plasma(QGP).In the past decade or so,people have gradually realized that such collisions can also generate strong electromagnetic fields and fluid vortical fields.These fields directly affect the spin and orbital motion of microscopic particles within the QGP,inducing novel macroscopic quantum phenomena such as chiral magnetic effects,chiral vortical effects,chiral separation effects,chiral electric separation effects,and other chiral anomalous transport phenomena.These effects represent the induction of electric or axial currents along an applied magnetic field,electric field,or vortical field.They are closely tied to the underlying quatum anomaly of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)and the chiral symmetry restoration in QGP.Additionally,phenomena like hyperon spin polarization and vector meson spin alignment may also occur,and the QCD phase structure may also be affected by strong electromagnetic and vortical fields.On one hand,these phenomena provide experimental means for probing nontrivial gauge field topological structures in QCD,strong interaction CP violation,and spin dynamics in quark-gluon matter during heavy-ion collisions.On the other hand,they are closely related to particle physics,condensed matter physics,astrophysics,and form active areas of interdisciplinary research.This paper will review and provide prospects for the mechanisms behind the generation of these macroscopic quantum phenomena and their experimental signa

关 键 词：夸克胶子等离子体 相对论重离子碰撞 手征反常输运 自旋极化现象 

分 类 号：O53[理学—等离子体物理]