中国海洋环境保护法律的域外适用:国际实践、主要问题与完善建议  

Extraterritorial Application of China’s Marine Environmental Protection Laws:International Practices,Major Issues,and Feasible Suggestions

作　　者：高之国 刘子珩 GAO Zhiguo;LIU Ziheng(Law School,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian 116026,China;School of International Law,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院,辽宁大连116026 [2]中国政法大学国际法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2024年第2期39-52,共14页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2022年度国家社科基金重大研究专项(22VHQ002)。

摘　　要：海洋环境保护法律的域外适用对于一国有效保障本国海洋环境权益,以及通过规则输出参与全球海洋环境治理具有重要的意义和作用。这一过程需要同时满足“行为主体是国家”以及“合法的域外管辖权”两个前提。然而,由于域外适用的立法规定不明确、国家之间的管辖权冲突以及国内法与国际法之间的冲突等问题的存在,海洋环境保护法律的域外适用并不易实现。通过横向比较美国和欧盟等不同国家和地区有关海洋环境保护法律域外适用的实践,有助于厘清中国海洋环境保护法律域外适用中存在的问题。应以《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》的二次修订为基础,进一步完善域外适用规定,并向国际社会就海洋环境保护法律的域外适用提供中国智慧及方案。As the formal maritime legislation of China,the Marine Environmental Protection Law has made remarkably pioneering contributions in numerous areas.Among these,its clear extraterritorial application clauses stand out as a particularly noteworthy innovation.Despite undergoing two major revisions and three amendments to date,the extraterritorial application clauses of the Marine Environmental Protection Law have remained intact.Throughout the process of improving this law,as well as the whole legal system,efforts have been consistently made to lower the threshold for extraterritorial application,thus increasing the potential for legal extraterritoriality.Today,granting certain extraterritorial effect to marine environmental protection laws has become a common choice for many countries.This not only helps countries in more effectively protecting their own marine entitlements and interests but also offers valuable guidance for the improvement and future evolution of international marine environmental protection laws and regulations.However,from the perspective of China’s own practices,the situations regarding the extraterritorial application of marine environmental protection laws,particularly those centered around the Marine Environmental Protection Law,are far from optimistic in the past four decades.This is partly due to a lack of connection points in China’s extraterritorial application clauses for marine environmental protection laws,making it challenging to effectively meet practical needs in legislation.Additionally,various substantive laws lack targeted mechanisms for extraterritorial application.Moreover,unclear jurisdictional allocations within domestic law enforcement agencies and potential conflicts with rules of other countries and even international law hinder the realization of extraterritorial application of marine environmental protection laws.In this context,despite the institutional foundation for extraterritorial application provided by China’s marine environmental protection laws,the actual

关 键 词：海洋环境保护法律 域外适用 国家实践 管辖冲突 海洋命运共同体 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]