基于非天然氨基酸的蛋白质合成研究进展  

Research progress on protein synthesis based on unnatural amino acids

作　　者：赵梅 刘馨远 陈洋 商洁 丛宏日 马豪 RAVIKUMAR Yuvaraj 齐向辉[1] ZHAO Mei;LIU Xinyuan;CHEN Yang;SHANG Jie;CONG Hongri;MA Hao;YUVARAJ RAVIKUMAR;QI Xianghui(School of Food and Biological Engineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江212013

出　　处：《食品与发酵工业》2024年第12期336-342,共7页Food and Fermentation Industries

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32200061,32150410349);江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20210752);中国博士后项目(2023T160278,2022M721390);科技部国家外专局项目(WGXZ2022038L)。

摘　　要：蛋白质是生命体的重要组成部分,几乎参与了所有的生命活动。通常情况下生物体中蛋白质由20种天然氨基酸组成,但随着现代科技的飞速发展,人们对医疗、食品、材料等方面的需求日渐增大,这些蛋白质已经无法满足多样化的应用需求。随着非天然氨基酸及其合成的蛋白质的优异性能,使得利用非天然氨基酸改造蛋白质的技术逐渐成为研究热点。非天然氨基酸有着不同于天然氨基酸的侧链基团,可以给蛋白质带来新的性质与功能。该文基于对非天然氨基酸及非天然蛋白质的研究,首先介绍了以化学及生物的手段合成非天然氨基酸的方法,同时对化学及生物法的优劣势及未来的发展前景进行了总结;然后介绍了将非天然氨基酸掺入蛋白质的几种热门方法;接着对非天然氨基酸及其合成蛋白质的应用在酶的改造、科研以及医疗方面进行了列举和描述;最后对这项技术未来的发展进行了展望与总结。Protein is an important component of living organisms and participates in almost all life activities.Under normal circumstances,the protein in the organism is composed of 20 natural amino acids.However,with the rapid development of modern science and technology,the demand for medical treatment,food,materials,and other aspects of people’s life is increasing,and these proteins can no longer meet the diversified application needs.At the same time,with the excellent performance of unnatural amino acids and their synthesized proteins are gradually becoming a research hot spot.The technology of modifying proteins with unnatural amino acids has been gradually developed.Unnatural amino acids have different side chain groups from natural amino acids,which can bring new properties and functions to proteins.Based on the study of unnatural amino acids and unnatural proteins,this review first introduces the chemical and biological methods for synthesizing unnatural amino acids,and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of chemical and biological methods and their future development prospects.Then several popular methods of incorporating unnatural amino acids into proteins are presented.Then,the applications of unnatural amino acids and their synthetic proteins in enzyme modification,scientific research and medical treatment are listed and described.Finally,the future development of this technology is prospected and summarized.

关 键 词：非天然氨基酸 非天然蛋白质 细胞代谢工程 遗传密码扩展 酶的改造 蛋白药物改造 

分 类 号：TQ936[化学工程]