全球集成电路产业链:分布、技术经济特征及挑战  

Global Integrated Circuit Industrial Chain:Distribution,Techno-economic Characteristics,and Challenges

作　　者：蔡跃洲[1,2,3,4] 韦结余 钟洲 Cai Yuezhou;Wei Jieyu;Zhong Zhou

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学应用经济学院 [2]中国社会科学院数量经济与技术经济研究所 [3]中国社会科学院经济大数据与政策评估实验室 [4]中国社会科学院数字经济研究室

出　　处：《国际经济评论》2024年第3期89-107,6,共20页International Economic Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“数字经济高质量发展的创新与治理协同互促机制研究”(项目编号:22&ZD071)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：集成电路产业链虽然全球分布,但真正参与其中的仅限于美国、英国、荷兰、德国、日本、韩国、中国等少数经济体,且各有专长和优势。从历史演化角度来看,这种分布格局很大程度上由美国政府及其本土企业推动形成。从技术经济特征来看,当前集成电路产业链具有“产业链条超长与产能集中”“资金技术双密集导致前端锁定后端”“细分环节品类利基市场容量有限”“下游需求对上游企业形成财务反制”等特征。在逆全球化背景下,集成电路产业链处于一种脆弱的“刃锋平衡”状态。技术持续进步和分工不断细化反而降低了产业链韧性,产业平稳运行变得愈发艰难和脆弱。主要经济体之间的技术脱钩风险,推高了数字化转型发展成本。国际社会应摒弃对抗、加强合作,积极营造宽松的产业发展环境。Although the integrated circuit(IC)industrial chain is distributed globally,the real participants are limited to a few economies such as the United States,the United Kingdom,the Netherlands,Germany,Japan,South Korea,China's Taiwan,and the Chinese mainland,and each has its own expertise and advantages.From a historical perspective,this distribution pattern has been largely driven by the US government and companies.From the perspective of techno-economic characteristics,the current IC industry chain features"ultra-long industrial chain and concentrated production capacity","front-end locking in back-end induced by concentration","limited capacity of niche market in subdivided links",and"financial countermeasures to upstream enterprises formed by downstream demand".In the context of deglobalization,the industrial chain is in a fragile"edge balance"state.The continuous technological progress and the continuous refinement of the division of labor have reduced the resilience of the industrial chain,and the smooth operation of the industry has become even more difficult and fragile.The risk of industrial and technological decoupling between major economies has pushed up the costs of digital transformation.The international community should abandon confrontation,strengthen cooperation,and actively build a positive and relaxed environment for industrial development.

关 键 词：集成电路 技术经济特征 产业链韧性 技术锁定 

分 类 号：F426[经济管理—产业经济]