私法平等的人格尊严权解释及规则展开  

The Right to Human Dignity in Private Law Equality

作　　者：林凯 LIN Kai(School of Law,People’s Public Security University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民公安大学法学院

出　　处：《人权法学》2024年第3期93-117,162,163,共27页Journal of Human Rights Law

摘　　要：民法平等原则因未能完成规则化而事实上被虚置。其根源在于并不清楚什么是平等指向的确切法益。在依循“价值观—方法论”逻辑、明确法益的基础上,可以形成规则体系。归结起来,“交易理性论”“宪法平等论”“实体空洞论”“抑强扶弱论”“人格尊严论”各自提供了一套解释平等的说辞。就理据自洽性与技术可行性而言,人格尊严论以其“区分特征+应用场景”双重测试为当前最优解。平等规则化与歧视判定具有制度等价性,可以置于一般侵权行为的要件中考虑。其中,增补行为的测试规则、细化自由与平等法益的权衡方法、厘清治理结构性歧视的社会成本分担逻辑是三个重要问题。Equality,as a long-standing principle of private law in China,fails to find its substantive presence in judicial reasoning.The problems are:first,the principle of equality lacks a clear definition.In particular,the legal interests it protects are not clarified;second,the principle of equality lacks a mechanism for its realization.In particular,the criteria for distinguishing between“discrimination”and“reasonable differential treatment”are unclear.In reviewing the theories of private law equality,one can find five types of theoretical models that can provide both the basis of legal interests(values)and the mechanism for realizing them(methodology),namely,the theory of transactional rationality,the theory of entity emptiness,the theory of relief for the weak,the theory of constitutional equality and the theory of human dignity.Each of the first four models has its own contribution,but there are also limitations.The theory of transactional rationality asserts that the equality of a transaction depends primarily on whether its profit-making mode conforms to commercial rationality.However,this view departs from the essence of equality.Although it refers to the idea of balancing legal interests between“the freedom to conduct a business and consumption equality”,it does not provide a specific methodology.The theory of entity emptiness holds that equality is merely a mirror concept of existing civil rights and interests and does not really exist independently in itself.Although it gave birth to Aristotle’s famous idea of equality,it has always fallen into circular reasoning because of the uncertainty of its own legal interests.The theory of relief for the weak advocates that equality is aimed at suppressing the strong and supporting the weak,which is a lofty ideal and embodies a deep insight into the nature of discrimination,but it is difficult to be practiced in the adjustment of micro-legal relations.The theory of constitutional equality believes that private law equality has essentially disappeared becau

关 键 词：平等原则 反歧视 区分特征 “亚里士多德平等公式” 人格尊严 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]