埃及水资源综合管理:动因、实践与挑战  

Integrated Water Resources Management in Egypt:Motivations,Practices,And Challenges

作　　者：李晨 冯璐璐 LI Chen;FENG Lulu(School of Marxism,Baotou Teachers College;China-Arab Research Institute,Ningxia University)

机构地区：[1]包头师范学院马克思主义学院,包头014030 [2]宁夏大学阿拉伯学院(中国阿拉伯国家研究院),银川750021

出　　处：《阿拉伯世界研究》2024年第2期78-108,159,共32页Arab World Studies

基　　金：2021年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“中东经济通史”(21&ZD246)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：水资源问题长期困扰着埃及的经济、政治和社会发展。面对日益严重的水资源短缺、人口快速增长、气候变化导致的海平面上升和持续干旱,以及因修建复兴大坝而加剧的地区冲突等问题,埃及采取了水资源综合管理模式以应对上述挑战。埃及政府积极争取国际组织和域外国家的资金和技术支持,推广灌溉改善项目与设立综合水管理区,出台法律(令)以适配改革。埃及还将水资源与灌溉部门确立为改革主导部门,协同多个相关职能部门共同推进水资源管理改革。然而,该模式存在以下问题:囿于外部援助的控制与埃及传统政治“惯性”导致政府与农户之间的信任缺失;水资源管理法律与农业灌溉法律存在高度重叠,缺乏专门且有针对性的法规;复兴大坝引发的水资源争端进一步削弱了地区政治互信,并阻碍了流域整体化管理进程;不同级别的用水者协会成员参与管理的程度不一,而农户的节水意识亟待提高。从长远来看,虽风险与机遇并存,但受制于多重因素制约,埃及水资源综合管理发展前景不容乐观。The issue of water resources has long plagued Egypt's economic,political,and social development.Facing increasingly severe water scarcity,rapid population growth,rising sea levels due to climate change,persistent drought,and intensified regional conflicts exacerbated by the construction of the Aswan High Dam,Egypt has chosen to adopt a comprehensive management model to address these challenges.The Egyptian government has been actively seeking financial and technical support from international organizations and foreign countries to promote irrigation improvement projects and the establishment of integrated water management areas.In addition,legal decrees have been introduced to adapt to reform.The water resources and irrigation sectors have been identified as leading sectors for reform in Egypt in this regard,working collaboratively with multiple relevant functional departments to advance water resources management reform.However,this model is not without its challenges:external control over aid and traditional political"inertia"in Egypt have resulted in a lack of trust between the government and farmers;there is significant overlap between water resources management laws and agricultural irrigation laws,lacking specific and targeted regulations;water resource disputes caused by the Aswan High Dam have further eroded regional political mutual trust and impeded the process of basin-wide integrated management;the level of participation of members of water users associations at different levels in management varies,and farmers'awareness of water conservation needs urgent attention.In the long run,although risks and opportunities coexist,the prospects for comprehensive water resources management in Egypt are not optimistic due to multiple factors.

关 键 词：水资源综合管理 国际援助 埃及 用水者协会 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]