论退休制度中法律保留原则的适用——以最高人民检察院第167号指导性案例为例  

The Application of the Principle of Relative Legal Reservation in Retirement System——Take the Supreme People's Procuratorate Guiding Case No.167 as an example

作　　者：刘艺 LIU Yi(School of Law-Based Government,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法治政府研究院,北京100088

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2024年第3期26-41,共16页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

基　　金：2017年度最高人民检察院理论研究所年度重点课题“检察机关提起公益诉讼工作机制研究”(项目编号:GJ2017B05)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《宪法》第44条是我国退休制度必须依照法律实行的制度性保障条款。退休制度在实行时给行政机关留有较大的自主空间,但法律保留原则并非只约束立法机关,还应约束行政机关和用人单位。在行政法层面,退休制度需遵循层级化的法律保留原则。文章通过对最高人民检察院检例第167号案件以及相关司法大数据统计结果的分析获知,人民法院通常会放弃对退休制度所涉的行政规范性文件进行合法性审查。检例第167号的意义在于明确了行政机关和用人单位在实施退休制度时都必须遵循相对法律保留原则。因此,除国发104号文件规定的内容之外,行政规范性文件规定的其他内容侵害了相对人的合法权益,人民法院不仅应该引用合法有效的行政规范性文件,还应对造成合法权益受损的行政规范性文件进行合法性审查。若用人单位的退休备案程序与上位法(如《工会法》)的规定不一致,且明显限缩公民的法定权益,人民法院应该依据相对法律保留原则统摄下的程序法定等原则,对用人单位的内部备案程序和行政机关的形式审批程序进行合法性审查。人民法院若引用已失效的行政规范性文件或者放弃审查行政规范性文件的合法性,人民检察院应当依据层级化的法律保留原则,督促人民法院遵循实质合法性审查原则对行政规范性文件进行合法性审查。Article 44 of China's Constitution is an institutionalguarantee clause that China's retirement system must be implemented in accordance with the law.When the retirement system is implemented,it leaves a large space for administrative organs to be independent,which shows that the principle of legal reservation should not only bind the legislature,but also bind the admistrative organs and employers.At the level of administrative law,the retirement system should follow the hierarchical principle of legal reservation.Based on the analysis of the case No.167 of the Supreme People's Procuratorate Inspection Case and the statistical results of related judicial big data,it can be known that people's courts usually give up reviewing of administrative normative documents set by retirement system.The significance of Inspection No.167 is to clarify that both administrative organs and employers must follow the principle of relative legal reservation when implementing the retirement system.Therefore,in addition to the contents stipulated in Document No.104 of the State Council,other contents stipulated in the administrative normative documents infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of the counterpart,The people's court should not only use legal and effective administrative normative documents,but also review the legality of the administrative normative documents that cause damage to the legitimate rights and interests.If the retirement filing procedure of the employing unit is inconsistent with the provisions of the superior law,such as the Trade Union Law,and obviously limits the legal rights and interests of citizens,the people's court should review the legality of the internal filing procedure of the employing unit and the formal examination and approval procedure of the administrative organ according to the principle of legal laws.If the people's court quotes invalid administrative normative documents or gives up reviewing the legality of administrative normative documents,the people's procuratorate shall,accord

关 键 词：宪法第44条 退休制度 法律保留原则 程序法定原则 最高人民检察院指导性案例 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]