不同肥料类型与施肥方式对花生籽仁品质的影响  

Effects of different fertilizer types and fertilization methods on quality of peanut kernels

作　　者：王建国[1] 郭峰[1] 赵继浩 杨莎[1] 张佳蕾[1] 万书波[1] WANG Jian-guo;GUO Feng;ZHAO Ji-hao;YANG Sha;ZHANG Jia-lei;WAN Shu-bo(Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2024年第3期565-574,共10页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：山东省现代农业产业技术体系(SDAIT-04-05);国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-13);山东省重点研发计划(ZFJH202310,2022CXPT031,2023TZXD012);泰山学者工程(tsqn202211275,tspd20221107);山东省科技特派员(农业产业技术成果转化)创新创业共同体(2022DXAL0103)。

摘　　要：为进一步探究施肥技术措施(分层施肥技术、减氮增钙技术等)对花生籽仁品质的调控作用,通过设置大田试验,研究施肥技术对花生籽仁品质的影响。试验一:选取2个试验区(济阳、饮马泉),设置0和600 kg·hm^(-2)(Ca_(0)、Ca_(600))2个钙肥水平和0、75、150、225、300 kg·hm^(-2)5个氮肥水平;试验二:设肥料机械分层条施(L)、人工撒施(B)两种施肥方式,选择含有100 d释放期的花生专用缓释复混肥(SF)、普通复合肥(CF),另设不施氮肥对照(N_(0))共5个处理。结果表明:(1)与N_(0)相比,施氮花生籽仁中粗蛋白含量提高1.24~3.57个百分点、总氨基酸含量增加1.19~3.70个百分点、亚油酸含量提升0.93~2.41个百分点,同时部分脂肪酸组分和氨基酸组分含量等均随施氮量的增加有不同程度的提高;但籽仁含油量降低1.70~5.34个百分点。与不施钙处理(Ca_(0))相比,施钙(Ca_(600))处理的籽仁中粗蛋白、总氨基酸含量分别降低0.10~1.55个百分点、0.02~1.23个百分点,但含油量提高0.16~2.62个百分点。氮肥与钙肥配施可减小粗蛋白含量增幅与含油量降幅。“减施氮肥+增施钙肥”栽培技术有利于调控、改善花生籽仁品质。(2)相同施肥方式下,与复合肥(CF)相比,专用复混肥(SF)处理提高了籽仁粗蛋白含量和含油量。与人工撒施(B)相比,分层施用复合肥(CFL)或花生专用复混肥(SFL)花生籽仁粗蛋白、总氨基酸含量分别降低0.34~1.39个百分点、0.14~0.34个百分点,而籽仁含油量增加0.22~1.16个百分点。(3)产量与粗蛋白、总氨基酸、亚油酸含量之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而产量与含油量、油酸含量呈显著负相关。粗蛋白与总氨基酸及组分、亚油酸含量间呈极显著正相关,与含油量存在极显著负相关关系。综上,生产中同时需要多产油和较多粗蛋白时,建议采用减氮增钙绿色高效栽培技术,也可施用花生专用复混肥,配套分层施肥高效栽培To further explore the regulatory effects of fertilizer techniques as“layered fertilization”and“nitrogen reduction and calcium increase”on peanut kernel quality,field experiments were conducted to clarify the intrinsic relationship between techniques and quality.In experiment 1,two experimental sites(Jiyang and Yinmaquan)were selected,with two calcium fertilizer levels(0 and 600 kg·hm^(-2))and five nitrogen fertilizer levels(0,75,150,225,300 kg·hm^(-2)).In experiment 2,field trial was carried out in Jiyang site from 2021 to 2022.Two fertilization methods,namely mechanical laying-strip application(L)and manual surface broadcast application(B),with two fertilizers(SF,slow-release compound fertilizer,with a release period of 100 days;CF,common compound fertilizer)were designed,with a control(N_(0))of zero nitrogen fertilizer.Results showed that:(1)nitrogen application increased crude protein content in kernel by 1.24-3.57 percentage points.The total amino acid content increased by 1.19-3.70 points,and linoleic acid content by 0.93-2.41 points.Contents of some fatty acids and amino acids increased with the increase of nitrogen application.However,the oil content of the kernel was reduced by 1.70-5.34 percentage points.Compared with the treatment with zero calcium,contents of crude protein and total amino acids in seeds decreased by 0.10-1.55 percentage points and 0.02-1.23 percentage points,respectively under 600 kg·hm^(-2)calcium,with oil content increased by 0.16-2.62 points.Thus the combination application of N and Ca fertilizers could put down the increase of crude protein and the decrease of oil content.The cultivation of reducing nitrogen fertilizer and increasing calcium fertilizer showed their beneficial to regulate and improve kernel quality.(2)Under the same fertilization method,compared with compound fertilizer(CF),specialized compound fertilizer(SF)treatment increased crude protein and oil content in kernels.Compared with manual surface broadcast(B),layered application of compound fertilizer(CF

关 键 词：花生 籽仁品质 肥料类型 分层施肥 施钙与施氮 

分 类 号：S565.2[农业科学—作物学]