从“种族叙事”到“大西洋转向”:海地革命研究的历史与现状  

From the "Racial Narrative"to the "Atlantic Turn":The History and the Current State of Haitia Revolution Studies

作　　者：马伟军 Ma Weijun

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文学院世界史系,200234

出　　处：《史学理论研究》2024年第3期130-145,160,共17页Historiography Bimonthly

摘　　要：海地革命改变了大西洋世界,也是当下学术研究的热点问题。国际学界关于海地革命的研究经历了从“种族叙事”到“阶级叙事”,再到“大西洋转向”的转变。“种族叙事”强调黑白混血儿和黑人精英的革命领导作用,忽视广大奴隶的作用,认为没有自由有色人种的领导不可能取得革命成功。“阶级叙事”突出阶级冲突,认为革命是阶级问题,而不是种族问题;该叙事经历了从强调黑人雅各宾派作用到广大奴隶作用的转变。“大西洋转向”则重视革命起源、发展和影响的“大西洋因素”,认为海地革命与美国革命及法国革命一样,深刻影响了大西洋世界。在此情况下,海地革命研究成为大西洋史研究的一个重要分支,甚至形成了独立的研究领域。这种转变是时代政治演变和法国革命史学,乃至西方史学发展的结果,革新了海地革命和法国革命的研究范式。The Haitian Revolution has transformed the Atlantic world,and its history remains a hot topic among scholars today.The study about this historical event has undergone a shift from the"racial narrative'through the""class narrative"to the"Atlantic turn".The"racial narrative"emphasizes the revolutionary leadership role of the mulattoes and black elites,ignoring the role of the vast majority of slaves.It argues that the revolution could not have succeeded without the leadership of free people of color.The"class narrative"highlights class conflict,believing that the revolution was a class issue rather than a racial one.It transitions from emphasizing the role of black Jacobins to that of the vast slaves.The"Atlantic turn'places importance on the"Atlantic factors"in the revolution's origins,development,and impact,believing that the Haitian Revolution,like the American and French Revolutions,profoundly influenced the Atlantic world.In this context,the study of the Haitian Revolution has become an important branch of Atlantic history and has even formed an independent field of study.This shift is the result of the political evolution of the times and the development of French Revolutionary historiography,within the wider context of evolution of Western historiography.It has revitalized the research paradigms of both the Haitian Revolution and the French Revolution.

关 键 词：海地革命 圣多明各 法国革命 大西洋史 

分 类 号：K091[历史地理—历史学]