秦至西汉畴官身分与职役  

Research on the Status of Hereditary Professionals(Chouguan畴官)and Their Designated Service from the Qin to Western Han Periods

作　　者：郑伊凡 Zheng Yifan

机构地区：[1]美国加州大学伯克利分校东亚系

出　　处：《历史研究》2024年第4期66-87,M0004,M0005,共24页Historical Research

摘　　要：秦、西汉时期明确称为"畴官"的职业身分有史、卜、祝、司御等十几种,一般具有世袭身分,对畴官的培养从学童阶段开始,以父子相传和师徒相授两种方式为主。畴官在傅籍时须通过官方考核,通过考核者则由官府摊派其专业领域内的职役,服役时间随技能水平和年龄高低等因素各有等差。从历史发展脉络看,秦、西汉时期的畴官可被视为周代世官世禄与学在官师的体制瓦解后,世袭身分在一些特殊技能职业领域内的延续。职业对社会身分的区分,以及国家对专业技能者实行不同于一般编户民的特殊管理体制,具有跨越时空的普遍性。Recent archaeological discoveries have revealed that over a dozen types of"hereditary professional"(chouguan畴官)roles,including scribes,diviners,invocation makers,and charioteers,existed from the Qin to Western Han period.These chouguan typically held hereditary positions,predominantly passed down through familial succession and apprenticeships,with training beginning at school-age.To serve as a chouguan,individuals had to pass government examinations to assess their professional competence.Those who failed were deprived of their status,while those who passed were assigned specific tasks in according to their expertise by the state,with service duration varying according to skill level and age.From a historical perspective,the Qin to Western Han period hereditary professionals'system represented a continuation of hereditary specialism following on from the disintegration of the Zhou dynasty's universal hereditary system,which in terms of assignment of occupation based on social status,and the state's distinctive management system for specialized service personnel,contained elements which transcended time and geography.

关 键 词：秦汉 畴官 官制 特殊职役 世袭身分 

分 类 号：K232[历史地理—历史学]