磁化水复合保氮剂对堆肥过程中氮素损失和微生物群落的影响  

Effects of magnetized water combined with nitrogen-preserving agents on nitrogen loss and microbial communities during composting

作　　者：段曼莉 徐洪波 覃振伦 吴双 陈浩楠 王全九[1] 周蓓蓓[1] DUAN Manli;XU Hongbo;QIN Zhenlun;WU Shuang;CHEN Haonan;WANG Quanjiu;ZHOU Beibei(State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region,Xi’an University of Technology,Xi’an 710048,China)

机构地区：[1]西安理工大学省部共建西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室,西安710048

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2024年第12期202-212,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-YBXM-588);西安市科技计划项目(23NYGG0007);自然资源部退化及未利用土地整治工程重点实验室开放基金项目(SXDJ2024-13)。

摘　　要：为了研究不同保氮剂对快速堆肥过程中氮素损失及微生物群落的影响,该研究以牛粪和秸秆为原料,进行了25 d的好氧堆肥试验。试验中设置了磁化水(T1)、磁化水复合生物炭(T2)、磁化水复合硫酸亚铁(T3)、磁化水复合巨大芽孢杆菌(T4),不添加磁化水和保氮剂作为对照组(CK)。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,T1、T2、T3、T4均延长了堆肥的高温期,分别延长了4、5、2、4 d。T1、T2、T4的最高温较CK分别提高了3.5、8、0.5℃。从温度上来看,T1未进行二次腐熟,缩短了堆肥周期;各处理组的总氮含量较堆肥初始时提高了14.04%、18.89%、37.56%、36.27%、28.47%,总氨气排放量分别为8.12、4.37、6.60、7.32、3.95 g/d。与对照组相比,T1、T2、T3、T4均提高了堆肥的总氮含量,降低了总氨气排放量。T2总氮含量高于其他处理,T1总氨气排放量低于其他处理;与CK相比,T2促进了氮循环基因gdhA的绝对丰度,抑制了拟杆菌门的相对丰度,促进了氮素循环、堆肥进程。与CK相比T3促进了固氮基因nifH、氮循环基因gdhA的绝对丰度,促进了变形菌门的相对丰度,有利于氮素的循环;此外,结构方程显示,T2与NH_(3)排放量呈显著负效应,NH_(3)排放量与总氮损失TN_(loss)呈显著正效应,解释了生物炭通过吸附NH_(3),减少氮素损失。T3与pH值呈显著负效应,pH值与NH_(3)排放量呈显著正效应,NH_(3)排放量与TN_(loss)呈显著正效应,FeSO4的加入降低了堆体的pH值,减少氨气的排放,进而减少氮素损失;综合堆肥过程中的温度、总氮含量、总氨气排放量、氮功能基因的绝对丰度、微生物的相对丰度以及结构方程模型分析,磁化水复合生物炭在快速堆肥过程中表现出最佳的保氮效果和理想的腐熟程度。Aerobic composting is one of the most typical biological processes to decompose organic wastes into organic fertilizers or soil amendments.However,the existing composting has commonly suffered from severe nitrogen loss and long composting periods.Therefore,the additives are required to reduce the composting period and nitrogen loss.Taking the mixture of cow dung and straw as the research material,this study aims to explore the nitrogen loss during rapid composting.The experiment utilized magnetized water(T1),magnetized water combined with biochar(T2),magnetized water combined with ferrous sulfate(T3),and magnetized water combined with Bacillus megaterium(T4),with a control group designated as CK,for a 25-day aerobic composting.The results showed that the high-temperature periods for CK,T1,T2,T3,and T4 were 3-5,2-8,1-8,4-8,and 2-8 d,respectively.All T1,T2,T3,and T4 were extended the high-temperature period of composting,compared with the CK.The temperature in the T1 treatment coincided with the ambient temperature from day 14 to day 25 of composting,without the secondary fermentation,thereby shortening the composting period.T1,T2,and T4 increased the highest temperature during composting.The most significant effect of T3 was achieved at the maximum temperature of 64.5℃.The total nitrogen content of each treatment group at the end of composting increased by 14.04%,18.89%,37.56%,36.27%,and 28.47%,respectively,compared with the initial total nitrogen content of composting.The total nitrogen content increased the most in the T3 treatment,compared with the CK.The total ammonia emissions in each treatment group were 8.12,4.37,6.60,7.32,and 3.95 g/d,respectively,during composting.The T4 treatment emitted the least ammonia,while the CK was the most.The T3 treatment reduced the pH of the compost during the whole process,whereas the low pH reduced the NH_(3)emissions.The T4 treatment promoted the nitrate nitrogen content and GI value,with the GI value reaching 110.03%at the end of composting.As such,nitrogen functional ge

关 键 词：磁化水 生物炭 硫酸亚铁 巨大芽孢杆菌 好氧堆肥 氮损失 

分 类 号：X712[环境科学与工程—环境工程] S21[农业科学—农业机械化工程]