近代早期英国个人信用网络的建立和维护  

The Establishment and Maintenance of the Personal Credit Network in Early Modern England

作　　者：李新宽 Li Xinkuan

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学世界史系

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第2期117-130,I0006,共15页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“近代早期英国金融创新与资本主义的成长研究”(项目编号:23ASS002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在近代早期的英国,信用对个人来说,既具有经济意义,也是社会交往的基础。个人信用对当时中等阶层及以上群体的生存和发展以及他们追求的稳定社会秩序至关重要。由于当时货币特别是常用的小额货币长期短缺,日常生活和经济交往依赖信用,再加上英国基层管理单位从庄园向堂区转变,个人信用是在堂区内外开展日常经济和社会交往,以及参与堂区政治的基础,并形成了一个完整的网状结构。个人信用网络以个人所在家户为圆心,呈放射状扩散。第一圈层是以个人的堂区邻里活动为半径,第二圈层是以个人的全部经济和社会活动为半径。个人信用网络通过承担家庭责任、维护邻里信誉、提升三大资本来建立,通过维持社会网络中的声誉、社会交往中的身价、利用法律机制完成信用的延续和对失信者的惩罚来维护,从而奠定了基层社会自治现代化的基础。Credit had economic significance to individuals and was also the basis of social interaction for individuals in early modern England.Personal credit was crucial to the survival and development of the middle class and higher class at that time,as well as the stable social order which was pursued by them.Due to the long-term shortage of money,especially money of small denominations which were commonly used,daily life and economic exchanges often depended on credit.In addition,as the basic management unit in England shifted from the manor to the parish,personal credit was the basis for conducting daily economic and social interactions within and outside the parish and for participating in the parish politics,forming a complete network-like structure.The personal credit network radiated from the individual's household as the centre,with the first circle radius based on the individual's neighbourhood activities in the parish,and the second circle radius based on the individual's entire economic and social activities.That network was established by bearing family responsibilities,maintaining neighbourhood credibility,and enhancing three major capitals.It was maintained by preserving the reputation in the social network,the social status in social interactions,and the using of legal mechanism to complete the continuation of credit and punish the defaulters.Accordingly,it laid the foundation for the modernisation of the self-governance of the local society.

关 键 词：英国个人信用网络 堂区 社会治理 社会信用体系 社会转型 

分 类 号：F831[经济管理—金融学]