“钱隆”颇不易得:清代地方铸钱的筹划与实效——以乾隆朝宝晋局为例  

"Prosperous of Copper Coins"is Not Easy to Obtain:The Management and Effectiveness of Local Copper Coins Casting in Qing Dynasty--Taking the Baojin Copper Coins Casting Bureaus of Qianlong Dynasty as an Example

作　　者：马国英[1,2] Ma Guoying

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院经济研究所,北京100836 [2]中国社会科学院大学

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2024年第3期54-68,共15页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：北京用友公益基金会资助项目“清代制钱铸造及银钱比价数据库建设与研究”(项目编号:2020-Z01);中国社会科学院经济研究所青年课题“集中与分散:清代前中期官方铸局的筹划与实效”(项目编号:JJSQ-2023-05)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：乾隆朝各地广开铸局,增加铸炉,加大铸钱量,官方局铸迈入新的历史阶段。而在“钱隆”日盛的背后,不仅有国家层面上的铜政、钱法变革,还有地方铸局为筹划铸钱经费,保障制钱供应的百般筹谋,甚至还有地方商人投身其间,承担铜斤开采、办运任务,捐资报效,缴纳铜本。本文以乾隆朝宝晋局为例,对清代地方铸钱的筹划与实效进行分析。研究发现,本地商人在办运原材料方面发挥了重要作用。实际铸钱成本与户部核定成本之间的差额由商人承担,而账面上看似颇有盈余的铸钱业务实际上花费不菲。在商办官铸艰难维持的情况下,地方官府受利益驱使短期内会增加铸炉,这虽会让地方财政公费有所增加,但也对货币体系产生了不可逆转的负面影响。官府对于制钱铸造、分配、交换等环节是有干预、无计划的,其只是简单地增、减铸炉数量,加大或减小搭放兵饲、市场平卖的制钱数量,并不能准确地将市场货币体系控制在较为稳定的水平上。During the Qianlong Dynasty,copper coins casting bureaus were widely opened in various regions,with an rapid increase in casting furnaces and copper coins.The official bureau of casting entered a new historical stage.Behind the flourishing of"Qian long copper coins",not only were there institutional arrangements and administrative reforms made by the state at the level of policy for managing copper materials and laws regulating copper coins,but also local copper coins casting bureaus tirelessly tried to fulfill their obligation and made various plans to ensure the supply of copper coins.Even local merchants joined in,undertaking tasks such as copper mining and transportation,donating funds,and paying for the cost of purchasing copper.Taking the Baojin as an example,this paper analyzed the planning and actual effect of the copper coins casting bureaus in Qing dynasty.It's found that local businessmen played an important role in the transportation of raw materials.There was a deviation between the actual cost of copper coins casting and the officially approved cost.The difference was partly borne by businessmen.The casting business,which appeared to have a considerable surplus in official records,actually cost a lot.Copper Coins Casting Bureaus,with there raw metrial were purchased by merchants and their business was under government control,were difficult to maintain,and the local government driven by interests would add more casting furnaces in the short term to increase the local fiscal public expenses,but it would have an irreversible negative impact on the monetary system.The government interfered and had no plans in the copper coins casting,distribution and exchange process.It just simply increased or decrease the number of casting furnaces,increased or decrease the amount of money distributed for military salaries and that used for market sales,and it can not accurately control the market monetary system at a relatively stable level.

关 键 词：乾隆 宝晋局 铸钱 利润 

分 类 号：K875.6[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]