清前中期华北水旱灾害对东北移民政策执行的影响  

Impacts of Flood/Drought in North China on the Implementation of Migration Policies in Northeast China during 1644-1850

作　　者：萧凌波[1,2] Xiao Lingbo

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872 [2]中国人民大学数字人文研究院,北京100872

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2024年第3期120-132,共13页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)“清至民国华北地方志中宗教设施的时空信息整理与制图”(批准号:22XNQT26)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文梳理了清前中期(1644—1850年)清政府对东北地区移民政策的制订、执行和调整过程,将其与同期华北地区水旱灾害强度序列进行对比,并结合文献中的流民迁徙、人口增长及政区设置等相关信息,分析不同阶段政策的变更情况和执行效果,讨论华北极端水旱灾害通过驱动流民迁徙对政策产生的影响。可以看到200余年间灾害始终是一个活跃的变量,它不仅影响了政策的日常执行,最典型的就是形成逢灾年放松关口稽查的惯例,且对一些重要事件,如清初《辽东招民开垦例》的颁行与废止、乾隆五年(1740)东北封禁政策的出台与后续变通、乾嘉之际封禁的显著放松,以及嘉庆年间重申禁令并清查东北流民,都发挥了重要作用。本研究有助于更加全面客观地评价清代东北移民政策得失,并丰富对政策执行过程中影响因素的认识。In this paper,the formulation,implementation and adjustment of migration policy in Northeast China in the early and middle Qing dynasty(1644-1850)have been summarized and compared with the annual intensity sequence of flood/drought in North China in the same period.Combined with the records on refugee migration,population growth and administrative divisions kept in historical literature,the changes of policies and implementation in different periods have been analyzed,and the impacts of extreme floods and droughts in North China on policy,by driving refugee migration,have been discussed.It's found that natural disasters had always been a key variable.The impacts exist not only in the daily implementation of policy,for example,the ban against crossing the Great Wall to Northeast China was usually lifted after disasters,but also in many important events,such as the enactment and repeal of the Regulations for Migrants and Reclamation in Liaodong in early Qing,the introduction of prohibition policy for Northeast China in 1740 and subsequent adjustment,the significant relaxation of prohibition at the turn of the 19th century,Emperor Jiaqing's reiterating prohibition and checking refugees in Northeast China since 1803.This study would benefit comprehensive assessment of the migration policies in Northeast China in the Qing dynasty,and enrich the understanding of the influencing factors in the implementation of the policy.

关 键 词：清前中期 华北 水旱灾害 东北 移民政策 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]