骑手的诞生:数字平台、定向匹配与就业创造  

Birth of the Rider:Digital Platforms,Targeted Matching and Job Creation

作　　者：许恒 郁芸君 张一林 XU Heng;YU Yun-jun;ZHANG Yi-in(Business School,China University of Political Science and Law;Wenlan School of Business,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law;Lingnan College,Sun Yat-sen University;National Academy of Development,Sun Yat-sen University)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学商学院 [2]中南财经政法大学文澜学院 [3]中山大学岭南学院、国家发展研究院

出　　处：《中国工业经济》2024年第4期114-132,共19页China Industrial Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“数字经济视角下垄断形成机制与反垄断规制研究”(批准号22BJY116);广东省自然科学基金杰出青年项目“广义碳泄漏风险下碳交易机制研究”(批准号2023B1515020068);国家自然科学基金重点项目“国有资本并购重组理论、机制与模式研究”(批准号72132010)。

摘　　要：近年来,以外卖骑手、网约车司机为代表的“零工职业”迅速发展成就业市场的重要力量,是数字经济与实体经济深度融合的重要表现。本文研究发现,支撑零工经济的数字平台在进行劳动匹配时具有定向性、主导性,即由平台指定劳动者服务哪个消费者。这看似“剥夺”了消费者和劳动者的选择权,但实则源于平台所处的信息中心地位和强大的数字技术能力,是平台进一步发挥跨边网络效应进而创造大规模就业的先决条件。基于数字平台对劳动服务进行定向匹配的理论模型,本文揭示了数字平台的就业创造效应如何随着定向匹配效率的变化而变化。在零工经济发展初期,数字平台的定向匹配效率尚未达到较高水平,定向匹配效率提升所产生的就业吸入效应超过挤出效应,推动零工就业量、劳动者总收入和社会总福利的增加。然而,在零工经济发展后期,虽然数字平台的定向匹配效率达到很高水平,但如果在位平台滥用垄断地位,则定向匹配效率提升所产生的就业挤出效应将超过吸入效应,引发失业并造成数字平台与劳动者之间分配不公等问题。构建具有可竞争性的平台市场有助于解决上述问题,但平台市场的可竞争性并非越强越好,平台市场的进入门槛过低反而会使在位数字平台的行为决策产生扭曲。The gig economy exemplified by online delivery staff and ride-hailing drivers has experienced rapid growth,outpacing the traditional economy in terms of expansion and emerging as a vital factor augmenting employment opportunities.Existing literature often attributes this trend to the natural consequences of digital technology advancement and the cross-side network effects inherent in digital platforms,but underestimates the intricacies involved in job creation,overlooking the prerequisites for digital platforms to generate employment and the need for governmental oversight.This paper constructs a theoretical model including a food delivery platform,an online restaurant,an offline restaurant,and different workers and consumers to delve into the underlying mechanisms of digital platforms'job creation abilities,and the evolving patterns of workers'welfare throughout various phases.Our model suggests that the cornerstone of digital platforms'sustained job creation lies in their distinctive targeted matching mechanism.Unlike traditional platforms that primarily function as informational intermediaries and transactional mediums,digital platforms harness their precise identification of supply and demand data to actively participate in workforce scheduling and allocation.This innovative matching approach,which is rooted in digital technologies,centered around the digital platform,and characterized by its precision targeting,can ensure maximum continuity and stability in employment prospects,significantly activating and amplifying the cross-side network effect within the platform economy.Consequently,this becomes a pivotal enabling factor for the massive generation of new professions and job opportunities,effectively elevating workers'welfare.Furthermore,this paper uncovers that while the targeted matching mechanism of digital platforms is highly effective,it still has flaws,necessitating government intervention.At the early stage of the gig economy,the targeted matching efficiency of digital platforms requires enhancemen

关 键 词：零工经济 数实融合 平台规制 可竞争市场 

分 类 号：F260[经济管理—国民经济]