汉语偏离补语的句法构造及生成机制分析——兼议汉语的“弱组合式”述补结构  

An Analysis of the Syntactic Structure and Derivation of the Chinese Excessive Complement:On the Verb-complement Construction with Low Compositionality

作　　者：孙天琦[1] SUN Tianqi(the Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Renmin University)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学文学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第3期387-403,共17页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学基金青年项目“汉语方言述补结构的特色句法实现模式及规律研究”(22YJA740026)的研究成果之一。

摘　　要：汉语中的“VA了”述补结构除了可以表示结果的实现,也可以表示结果偏离说话人的预期。表偏离义的“VA了”结构在论元配置、扩展能力、句式变换等方面都与典型述结式表现出明显差异。本文旨在为偏离补语的独特表现提供句法解释,并推导出偏离补语结构的各种论元实现模式。文章指出,表偏离义的“VA了”在形式上的紧凑是一种假象,偏离补语所在的短语是有时体特征的限定性结构,无法满足生成述补复合词的条件,此类结构是一种没有补语标记的“弱组合式”述补结构。偏离补语与述语的句法衔接不需要依赖补语标记或者“论元共指”,因此区别于“得”字补语和连动结构。偏离补语区别于典型述结式的一系列特征都可以从其“弱组合式”的句法构造中得到统一解释。本文通过对偏离补语句法构造的研究,优化了以往对“黏合/组合”述补结构的判断标准,细化了汉语述补衔接的松紧模式刻画。Apart from indicating a resultative meaning,the"VA le"construction in Mandarin Chinese also serves to convey an excessive meaning as compared to the speaker's expectation.The"VA le"construction conveying excessive meaning(hereafter referred to as excessive complement construction,or ECC)exhibits significant differences from typical verb-complement structures in terms of argument alignment,expansion and transformation.Unlike the resultative complements,the excessive complements cannot take objects(we refer to this rule as the constraints of object-taking)and ECC can license intervening materials between the verb and the excessive complements.Our research focuses on providing a syntactic explanation for the distinctiveness of excessive complement,alongside deriving its various patterns of argument realization.This paper reveals that the seeming cohesion of ECC is a false impression,as the excessive complement falls within a finite phrase with tense-aspect features,rendering it incapable of meeting the conditions for generating verb-complement compounds.ECC is essentially a form of verb-complement construction with low compositionality that is devoid of a complement marker.In this line,the elastic linking patterns of V-C construction can be optimized.Complements introduced by markers such as de(得)are in a construction with high compositionality,while excessive complements without markers are in a construction with low compositionality.The high and the low constructions show significant differences in terms of argument alignment and expansion ability.In addition,the linking between excessive complement and verb does not rely on the complement marker or argument coindexation.This feature sets ECC apart from complement structure with de and certain serial verb constructions.Accordingly,the distinguishing features of excessive complement can be uniformly explained based on the syntactic structure with low compositionality.Through the investigation into the syntactic structure of excessive complement,this study refines

关 键 词：偏离义“VA了” 偏离补语 “弱组合式”述补结构 述补衔接松紧模式 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]