退役锂离子电池正极材料资源化回收利用:从基础到实践  

Recycling and Utilization Technology for Cathode Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries:from Basics to Practice

作　　者：李佳峰 田磊 刘贵清 张卫清[4] 肖雷[5] LI Jiafeng;TIAN Lei;LIU Guiqing;ZHANG Weiqing;XIAO Lei(School of Mines,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221116,China;Key Laboratory of Ionic Rare Earth Resources and Environment,Ministry of Natural Resources,Ganzhou 341000,China;Jiangsu BGRIMM Metal Recycling Science&Technology Co.,Ltd.,Xuzhou 221000,China;State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221116,China;School of Chemical Engineering&Technology,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221116,China)

机构地区：[1]中国矿业大学矿业工程学院,江苏徐州221116 [2]自然资源部离子型稀土资源与环境重点实验室,江西赣州341000 [3]江苏北矿金属循环利用科技有限公司,江苏徐州221000 [4]中国矿业大学煤炭精细勘探与智能开发全国重点实验室,江苏徐州221116 [5]中国矿业大学化工学院,江苏徐州221116

出　　处：《中国材料进展》2024年第6期467-478,466,共13页Materials China

基　　金：江苏省自然科学基金青年基金项目(BK20231074);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2022QN1005);自然资源部离子型稀土资源与环境重点实验室开放基金项目(2022IRERE201);江西省自然科学基金项目(20232ACB204016)。

摘　　要：近年来,新能源汽车的逐渐普及带动了动力锂离子电池数量的指数级增长,从而致使大量电池废弃物产生,浪费资源的同时对环境产生潜在风险。因此,退役锂离子电池的回收利用成为目前研究热点之一。综述了主要的退役锂离子电池回收利用技术及其研究现状。首先,介绍了锂离子电池的分类及特征,讨论了其回收的必要性与紧迫性。其次,总结了锂离子电池预处理及分离方法,包括机械粉碎、磁选、筛分、化学溶解、热处理等,着重分析了锂离子电池正极材料的传统回收利用技术,包括火法冶金、湿法浸出、材料再生等。最后,剖析了高效利用退役锂离子电池的新技术,包括生物浸出技术、机械化学处理方法、电化学方法、超临界流体技术以及微波/超声波技术等。基于以上分析,总结和展望了退役锂离子电池的回收和利用发展方向,为相关科研工作者和生产工作者提供借鉴。In recent years,the gradual popularization of new energy vehicles has led to the exponential growth of power lithium-ion batteries.This results in a large amount of battery waste,which is both a waste of resources and a potential risk to the environment.Therefore,the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is one of the current research hotspots.This paper summarizes the main recycling technologies for spent lithium-ion batteries and their research status.Firstly,the classification and characteristics of lithium-ion batteries are introduced,and the necessity and urgency of their recycling are discussed.Secondly,the pretreatment and separation methods of lithium-ion batteries are summarized,including mechanical crushing,magnetic separation,screening,chemical dissolution,heat treatment,etc.In addition,the analysis of the traditional recycling technologies of lithium-ion batteries cathode materials are focused,including pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and materials regeneration.Finally,new technologies for the efficient utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries are dissected,including bioleaching technology,mechanochemical treatment,electrochemical methods,supercritical fluid technology,and microwave/ultrasonic technology.Based on the above analysis,the development direction of recycling and utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries is summarized and outlooked to provide reference for related researchers and production workers.

关 键 词：锂离子电池 回收利用 火法冶金 湿法浸出 生物浸出 材料再生 超临界流体 

分 类 号：X705[环境科学与工程—环境工程] TF803[冶金工程—有色金属冶金]