近代“大上海计划”“三十六宅”研究  

A Study on The 36 Villas of The Greater Shanghai Plan in Modern Times

作　　者：张鹏[1] 何渝丰 周啸林 ZHANG Peng;HE Yufeng;ZHOU Xiaolin

机构地区：[1]同济大学建筑与城市规划学院 [2]东京大学工学系

出　　处：《建筑师》2024年第3期114-124,共11页The Architect

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(52278038)。

摘　　要：“大上海计划”作为近代上海最重要的都市计划之一,是上海城市发展的重要里程碑,影响持续至今。学界对“大上海计划”的研究多聚焦于整体规划和公共建筑,鲜有对其中居住建筑的探讨。“三十六宅”是“大上海计划”遗留下来的最大规模住宅区。本文基于历史文献档案研究和现场实录,详细梳理了项目从土地准备、设计施工到售卖入住的全过程,进而分析了其颇具“城投”特色的项目运作动机、模式与效果。在规划与建筑层面,通过将“三十六宅”与上海租界新式里弄、花园洋房以及同期建设的民国南京“第一住宅区”——颐和路花园住宅的对比,提出了20世纪30年代“民国风”样式的关键特征:西体中用,新技导入和朴素适用,也可认为是民国“新生活运动”的物质呈现。最后,论文提出大上海计划的理想性与“三十六宅”的现实性之间不可调和的矛盾是项目失败的核心动因。The Greater Shanghai Plan,as one of the most important urban plans in modern Shanghai,is a significant milestone in the city’s development,with its influence lasting to this day.Scholarly research on The Greater Shanghai Plan has predominantly focused on overall planning and public buildings,with little discussion on residential buildings.The 36 Villas is the largest residential area left from The Greater Shanghai Plan.Based on historical documentary research and on-site survey,this paper meticulously traces the entire process of the project from land preparation,design and construction,to sale and occupancy.It further analyzes the motivations,models,and effects of the project’s operations,which are characteristic of“city investment”projects.On the planning and architectural level,by comparing The 36 Villas with the new-style lane residences as well as garden houses in Shanghai’s foreign concessions and the garden residences in the contemporary“First Residential Area”in Nanjing,this paper identifies the key features of the 1930s“Minguo Style”:Western structure with Chinese utility,the introduction of new techniques,and simplicity with practicality.Apart from that,the 1930s“Minguo Style”can also be seen as the material manifestation of the“New Life Movement”in the time of Republic of China.Finally,the paper argues that the irreconcilable contradiction between the idealism of The Greater Shanghai Plan and the reality of The 36 Villas is the core reason for the project’s failure.

关 键 词：“三十六宅” “大上海计划” 民国风 独立式住宅 

分 类 号：TU-984.2[建筑科学]